Yeiiiie/aneay oai?ey eco/aao yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey i?iecaiaenoaa,
?ani?aaeaeaiey, iaiaia e iio?aaeaiey ia ?acee/iuo nooiaiyo ?acaeoey
iauanoaa.
Naioyeuenii.
I?aaeiao yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee eco/aao, eae ethaee e iauanoai auae?atho
niinia eniieueciaaiey aeaoeoeeoiuo ?ano?nia, eioi?ua iiaoo eiaoue
iiiaioeaeaaua iacia/aiey, aeey oiai, /oiau i?iecaanoe ?aciiia?aciua
oiaa?u e ?ani?aaeaeeoue eo nae/an eee a aoaeouai aeey iio?aaeaiey
?acee/iuo eiaeeaeaeia eee a?oii iauanoaa.
Ii?aaeaeaiea yeiiiieee a o/aaieea Iaeeiiiaea e A?th.
Ai-ia?auo yeiiiieea - yoi enneaaeiaaiea iiaaaeaiey /aeiaaea a i?ioeanna
i?iecaiaenoaa, ?ani?aaeaeaiey e iio?aaeaiey iaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa e oneoa a
ie?a ?aaeeeo ?ano?nia.
Ai-aoi?uo yeiiiieea enneaaeoao yooaeoeaiia eniieueciaaiea ia?aie/aiiuo
i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ?ano?nia eee oi?aaeaiea eie n oeaeueth aeinoeaeaiey
iaeneiaeueiiai oaeiaeaoai?aiey iaoa?eaeueiuo iio?aaiinoae /aeiaaea.
2. Nenoaia yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee. I?aaiecaoeeiiii-yeiiiie/aneea e
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey.
Yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey iiae?acaeaeythony ia 2 aeiea:
1.i?aaiecaoeeiiii-yeiiiie/aneea 2. ioiioaiey nianoaaiiinoe e
niioaaonoaothuea ei nioe-yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey.
2) N/Y ioiioaiey - ioiioaiey i.ethaeueie ii i?iecaiaenoao,
?ani?aaeaeaieth, iaiaio e iio?aaeaieth. Ii?aaeaeyaony oi?iaie
nianoaaiiinoe ia NI.
YO eco/aao caeiiiia?iinoe ?acaeoey yeiiiieee, Y caeiiu e eo
eniieueciaaiea.
NYI - yoi ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ethaeueie a iauanoaa ii iiaiaeo
iaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa e oneoa, eo ?ani?aaeaeaiey e iio?aaeaiey iaaeaeo
eeannaie e nioeeaeueiuie a?oiiaie, iaaeaeo no?aiaie, i?aaei?eyoeyie eee
oe?iaie, aioo?e i?aaei?eyoee, iaaeaeo iaeeeie e e?oiiuie nianoaaiieeaie
a ai?iaea e aea?aaia; any nenoaia yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee
?anniao?eaaaony ai acaeiinayce, a eo aaeeinoaa.
iaoiae aeaaeoeoeee (aeiioaoe/aneee), ia iniiaa iaueo iieiaeaiee
iniiauaathony oa eee eiua /anoiinoe yeiiiie/aneeo iauaeoia e i?ioeannia.
aaeeinoai enoi?e/aneiai e eiae/aneiai, o.a. yeiiiie/aneea i?ioeannu
?anniao?eaathony a enoi?e/aneie iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe eo aicieeiiaaiey e
a eiae/aneie acaeiinayce;
YO yae. iaoiaeieiae/aneie iniiaie aeey anao yeiiiie/aneeo iaoe.
Yeiiiieno Eaein: "Ethaie iieeoee iaoiaeeony a ieaio yeiiiienoia e
oeeinioia".
5.Iauanoaaiiia i?iecaiaenoai e aai oaeoi?u
Iauanoaaiiia i?iecaiaenoai a naiii iauai aeaea iacaaeneii io oie eee
eiie oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oeaeaniia?acioth
aeayoaeueiinoue ethaeae, iai?aaeaiioth ia oaeiaeaoai?aiea eo
iio?aaiinoae. I?ioeann i?iecaiaenoaa aeeciaiiuo aeaa io?aaeaao e, aieaa
oiai, yaeyaony ?acoeueoaoii aeaoo aeaeia acaeiiaeaenoaee e acaeiinaycae:
1.*aeiaae e i?e?iaea;
2.Ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ethaeueie a i?ioeanna eo oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe.
Iaoa?eaeueiia i?iecaiaenoai yae. iniiaie nouanoaiaaiey e ?acaeoey
/aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa.
*aeiaae - aaiaoe i?e?iaeu - ia?a anao aauae.
Iauanoaaiiia i?iecaiaenoai aeeth/aao: iaoa?eaeueiia i?iecaiaenoai e
iaiaoa?eaeueiia i?iecaiaenoai.
A iaoa?eaeueiii i?iecaiaenoaa: i?-ai i?iaeoeoia e i?-ai oneoa.
Iaiaoa?eaeueiia i?-ai: i?-ai iaiaoa?eaeueiuo oneoa, nicaeaiea
iaiaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa.
Noa?a oneoa e iai?iecaiaenoaaiiay noa?a ia oiaeaeanoaaiiu.
Eio?ano?oeoo?a - niaieoiiinoue io?aneae, aeaeia oicyenoa, a ?acoeueoaoa
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey eioi?uo nicaeathony iauea oneiaey i?iecaiaenoaa e
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae.
Nouanoaoao i?iecaiaenoaaiiay eio?ano?oeoo?a e nioeeaeueiay E. IE -
o?ainii?o, naycue, yia?ainiaaaeaiea e o.ae. NE - ia?aciaaiea,
iaaeianeoaeeaaiea e o.ae.
Iauanoaaiiia aini?iecaiaenoai aeeth/aao a naay 2 iiiaioa:
aini?iecaiaenoai i?iecaiaeeoaeueiuo nee;
aini?iecaiaenoai i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo ioiioaiee.
6. Iauanoaaiiue niinia i?iecaiaenoaa
Iauanoaaiiia i?iecaiaenoai a naiii iauai aeaea iacaaeneii io oie eee
eiie oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu i?aaenoaaeyao niaie oeaeaniia?acioth
aeayoaeueiinoue ethaeae, iai?aaeaiioth ia oaeiaeaoai?aiea eo
iio?aaiinoae. I?ioeann i?iecaiaenoaa aeeciaiiuo aeaa io?aaeaao e, aieaa
oiai, yaeyaony ?acoeueoaoii aeaoo aeaeia acaeiiaeaenoaee e acaeiinaycae:
1.*aeiaae e i?e?iaea;
2.Ioiioaiey iaaeaeo ethaeueie a i?ioeanna eo oicyenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe.
Iaoa?eaeueiia i?iecaiaenoai yae. iniiaie nouanoaiaaiey e ?acaeoey
/aeiaa/aneiai iauanoaa.
*aeiaae - aaiaoe i?e?iaeu - ia?a anao aauae.
Iauanoaaiiia i?iecaiaenoai aeeth/aao: iaoa?eaeueiia i?iecaiaenoai e
iaiaoa?eaeueiia i?iecaiaenoai.
A iaoa?eaeueiii i?iecaiaenoaa: i?-ai i?iaeoeoia e i?-ai oneoa.
Iaiaoa?eaeueiia i?-ai: i?-ai iaiaoa?eaeueiuo oneoa, nicaeaiea
iaiaoa?eaeueiuo aeaa.
Noa?a oneoa e iai?iecaiaenoaaiiay noa?a ia oiaeaeanoaaiiu.
Eio?ano?oeoo?a - niaieoiiinoue io?aneae, aeaeia oicyenoa, a ?acoeueoaoa
ooieoeeiie?iaaiey eioi?uo nicaeathony iauea oneiaey i?iecaiaenoaa e
aeeciaaeayoaeueiinoe ethaeae.
Nouanoaoao i?iecaiaenoaaiiay eio?ano?oeoo?a e nioeeaeueiay E. IE -
o?ainii?o, naycue, yia?ainiaaaeaiea e o.ae. NE - ia?aciaaiea,
iaaeianeoaeeaaiea e o.ae.
INI - aaeeinoai IN e II a eo acaeiinayce e acaeiiaeaenoaee.
1.I?iecaiaenoaaiiua neeu (ethaee e n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa).
a) ainoaea?noaaiiue oei (nianoaaiiinoue ia n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa);
a) anaiauay (?ieue ainoaea?noaa);
3.?uii/iay yeiiiieea:
a) /anoiay nianoaaiiinoue ia n?aaenoaa i?iecaiaenoaa;
a) ?ieue ainoaea?noaa ieieiaeueiia.
Iia aace?oaony ia oeaiu, ni?in, i?aaeeiaeaiea, eiieo?aioeeth.
A /enoi ?uii/iie yeiiiieea i?iaeaiu /oi i?iecaiaeeoue? eae? e aeey eiai
i?iecaiaeeoue?, ?aaoee?iaaiea ?ani?aaeaeaiey ?ano?nia inouanoaeythony ia
iniiaa acaeiiaeaenoaey i?iecaiaeeoaeae e iio?aaeoaeae, i?iaeaaoeia e
iieoiaoaeae a niioaaonoaee ni ni?inii e i?aaeeiaeaieai.
4.Niaoaiiay yeiiiieea:
a) nianoaaiiinoue - ainoaea?noaaiiay e /anoiay;
a) ainoaea?noai ia?aie/aiiua ?aiee (aaoiieeio), ?aaoee?othuay ?ieue
ainoaea?noaa. ?uii/iay yeiiiieea + ieaiiaay yeiiiieea. ?uii/iue iaoaieci
?aaoee?iaaiey n ainoaea?noaaiiui ?aaoee?iaaieai.
?acee/atho i?inoia e eaieoaeenoe/aneia oiaa?iia i?iecaiaenoai. I?inoia
aace?oaony ia /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe e ee/iii o?oaea
oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaey. Eaieoaeenoe/aneia - ia /anoiie nianoaaiiinoe e
eniieueciaaiee iaaiiie ?aai/ae neeu.
Aeaeaeaiea aeaiaa i?e auiieiaiee eie naieo ooieoeee a iaee/iie e
aaciaee/iie oi?iao i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeaiaaeiia ia?auaiea. Aeaiaaeiia
ia?auaiea caaeneo io ia?auaiey aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeu. O ian 6 iai?ioia ca
aiae. Caaeneo io oeai e eiee/anoaa oiaa?ia.
Eae=NOe-IE-AI+AE/ I
aaea Eae - eiee/anoai aeaiaa aeey ia?auaiey e ieaoaaea
NOe - noiia oeai ?aaeecoaiuo oiaa?ia e oneoa
IE - i?iaeaaea a e?aaeeo
AI - acaeiiiiaaoathuea ieaoaaee
AE - aica?ao e?aaeeoa
I - /enei iai?ioia aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeu
Caeii aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey, ioe?uoue E.Ia?enii, onoaiaaeeaaao
eiee/anoai aeaiaa, ioaeiia aeey auiieiaiey eie ooieoeee n?aaenoaa
ia?auaiey e n?aaenoaa ieaoaaea.
Eiee/anoai aeaiaa caaeneo io eiee/anoaa i?iaeaiiuo ia ?uiea oiaa?ia e
oneoa, o?iaiy oeai e oa?eoia e nei?inoe ia?auaiey aeaiaa.
Nei?inoue ia?auaiey aeaiaa ii?aaeaeyaony /eneii iai?ioia aeaiaaeiie
aaeeieoeu ca ecaanoiue ia?eiae, o.e. iaeie e oa aea aeaiueae a oa/aiea
ii?aaeaeaiiiai ia?eiaea iinoiyiii ia?aoiaeyo ec ?oe a ?oee, ianeoaeeaay
i?iaeaaeo oiaa?ia e ieacaiey oneoa.
Aeaiaaeiay ianna - niaieoiiinoue iieoiaoaeueneeo, ieaoaaeiuo e
iaeiieaiiuo n?aaenoa, ianeoaeeaathuay yeiiiie/aneea nayce e
i?eiaaeeaaeauay oece/aneei e th?eaee/aneei eeoeai, a oaeaea
ainoaea?noao. Yoi aaaeiue eiee/anoaaiiue iieacaoaeue aeaeaeaiey aeaiaa.
14.Nouiinoue ?uiea e aai ooieoeee.
? - iaiai oiaa?aie e oneoaaie, i?aaieciaaiiue ii caeiiai oiaa?iiai
i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?auaiey. Yoi iaoaieci acaeiiaeaenoaey iieoiaoaeae e
i?iaeaaoeia, ioiioaiey ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey.
? - niaieoiiinoue naeaeie, aeoia eoiee-i?iaeaaee oiaa?ia e oneoa
Ia/aei o/aiey i ?uii/iie nenoaia oicyenoaiaaiey iieiaeee Aaeai Nieo a
?aaioa I i?e?iaea e i?e/eia aiaaonoaa ia?iaea a 1776 a. Nieo n/eoaao,
/oi iauaeoeaiie i?e/eiie aicieeiiaaiey ?uiea yaeyaony anoanoaaiiay
ia?aie/aiiinoue i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo aiciiaeiinoae /aeiaaea.
Aaeai Nieo iacuaae ?uiie iaaeaeeiie ?oeie. O/aiea Nieoa iaoei naia
aeaeueiaeoaa ?acaeoea a o?oaeao Ia?ena Eaieoae, Eaieia Ii iiaiaeo oae
iacuaaaiiai aii?ina i ?uiea e aano?eeoea O.Oaeaea, eioi?ue ii?aaeaeye
?uiie, eae iaeio ec oi?i niiioaiiiai nioeeaeueiiai ii?yaeea.
Ia?en e Eaiei ooaa?aeaeaee, /oi a iniiaa ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee eaaeeo
iauanoaaiiia ?acaeaeaiea o?oaea.
A ?uii/iie yeiiiieea ?uiie noieo iaiin?aaenoaaiii iaaeaeo
i?iecaiaeeoaeyie e iio?aaeoaeyie, iiiiaaao ei iauaoueny ia ycuea oeai e
?aoaoue o?e aeaaiuo yeiiiie/aneeo aii?ina:
/oi i?iecaiaeeoue;
eae i?iecaiaeeoue;
aeey eiai i?iecaiaeeoue.
A eiiaiaeiie nenoaia oicyenoaa iaaeaeo i?iecaiaeeoaeyie e iio?aaeoaeyie
nicaeathony a?iiicaeeea iaiaueiiaaiii aei?iainoiyuea no?oeoo?u n
ia?iiiie /eneaiiinoueth ?aaioieeia, eioi?ua iuoathony ?aoaoue yoe o?e
aii?ina.
A niaoaiiie yeiiiieea iaaeaeo i?iecaiaeeoaeai e iio?aaeoaeai noieo ?uiie
n yeaiaioaie ?aaoee?iaaiey ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee.
Oiaa?iia i?iecaiaenoai ooieoeeiie?oao a ?acoeueoaoa aeaenoaey
iauaeoeaiuo yeiiiie/aneeo caeiiia:
caeii noieiinoe;
ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey;
caeii i aeaiaaeiii ia?auaiee.
Caeii noieiinoe o?aaoao, /oiau iaiai oiaa?a inouanoaeyeny a niioaaonoaee
n ea/anoaii e eiee/anoaii o?oaea, cao?a/aiiiai ia eo i?iecaiaenoai.
Caeii ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey - yoi iauaeoeaiue caeii, eioi?ue
ii?aaeaeyao niioiioaiey iaaeaeo i?iaeaaoeaie e iieoiaoaeyie.
? - iaiai oiaa?aie e oneoaaie, i?aaieciaaiiue ii caeiiai oiaa?iiai
i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?auaiey. Yoi iaoaieci acaeiiaeaenoaey iieoiaoaeae e
i?iaeaaoeia, ioiioaiey ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey.
? - niaieoiiinoue naeaeie, aeoia eoiee-i?iaeaaee oiaa?ia e oneoa
OA - naiinoiyoaeueiua niaoeeaeece?iaaiiua iaainoaea?noaaiiua
o/?aaeaeaiey aeey i?iaaaeaiey oi?aiauo iia?aoeee ii caeeth/aieth naeaeie
i e?oiiiianooaaiie i?iaeaaea e eoiea iaoa?eaeueii-aauanoaaiiuo oiaa?ia,
i?iaeathueony ii noaiaea?oai e ia?acoeai. Yoi ?aaoey?ii
ooieoeeiie?othuee, i?aaieciaaiiue, aeaenoaothuee ii ii?aaeaeaiiui
i?aaeeai e a ii?aaeaeaiiii ianoa iioiaue oiaa?iue ?uiie. Iniiaiie
i?aaeiao naeaeie ia oiaa?iie ae?aea - i?aaenoaaeaiiua ia iae oiaa?u e
eiio?aeou ia eoieth-i?iaeaaeo oiaa?ia. OA i?ecaaiu: oii?yaei/eaaoue
oi?aiaeth oiaa?aie, ieacuaaoue iin?aaeie/aneea oneoae i?e caeeth/aiee
naeaeie, ?aaoee?iaaoue i?ioeann oi?aa iaaeaeo i?iaeaaoeaie e
iieoiaoaeyie oiaa?a, niae?aoue e ioaeeeiaaoue eioi?iaoeeth i oeaiao ia
ae?aeaaua oiaa?u.
A?iea?neea eiioi?u e oe?iu iaiieiytho oe?io oiaa?iuie i?aaeeiaeaieyie e
niinianoaotho eo i?iaeaeaeaieth e enoi/ieeai ni?ina, o.a. e caeeth/aieth
naeaeie. A?iea?u - iin?aaeieee iaaeaeo i?iaeaaoeii e iieoiaoaeai oiaa?a,
niaaeeiytho eo eioa?anu, .e iaeiia?aiaiii aunooiatho a ?iee aeiaa?aiiuo
eeoe eae aeaaeaeueoeaa oiaa?a, oae e aai iieoiaoaeae. A?iea? eiaao nai?
noaoeeiia?iia ianoi ia ae?aea. Eeoe, caieiathueony ae?aeaaui
iin?aaeie/anoaii ca naie n/ao e io naiaai eiaie iac. aeeea?aie eee
aeaeiaaa?aie. Yoi /aeiaae eee aeeea?neay oe?ia, i?iaiaeyuea ae?aeaaua
iia?aoeee a ?iee o/anoieeia naeaeie.
Iaoaieci ooieoeeiie?iaaiey.
Eeeaio, aeaeathuee eoieoue eee i?iaeaoue oiaa? /a?ac ae?aeo, aeieaeai
ia?aoeoueny a a?iea?neoth eiioi?o. Cayaeoaeue caiieiyao aeaie-i?eeac e
ia?aaea?o aai iieiiii/iiio a?iea?o. Yoe noa?oiaua iia?aoeee iiaoo
i?iecaiaeeoueny aaeaee i naiie ae?aee - a ia?eoa?eeiuo i?aaiao. Caoai
iieiiii/iue a?iea? ia?aaeaao cayaeo e ioaeaao oeacaiea
a?iea?o-eniieieoaeth n/aoia, iinea /aai iia iinooiaao a oeaio?aeueiua
i?aaiu ae?aee. A ia/aeueiie oaca eeeaio ieaoeo aa?aioeeiue aciin -
ia?aeo(10% io i?aaeiaoa naeaeee), yoi caeia, eioi?ue caoai aica?auaaony.
I?eiyoue caeac ia i?iaeaaeo(eoieth), iinooiaao a oi?aiaoth naeoeeth
iia?aoeeiiiiai caea, i?ioiaey /a?ac i?eaiiue ioeueo e ?aaeno?aoo?o, e
caoai ia?anueaaony a ae?aeaaia eieueoei, aaea e ?acai?a/eaathony aeaaiua
niauoey. Ia?yaeo n a?iea?aie a oi?aa i?eieiatho o/anoea a ea/anoaa
aaaeoueo e oeene?othueo naeaeee ae?aeaaua iaeea?u.
O/anoieee oi?aia eiatho ea?oi/ee ?aciiai oeaaoa: a?iea?u - neiea eee
e?aniua, iiiiuieee a?iea?ia - aeaeoua, iaeea?u - caeaiua. Iooai
iiaeiyoey ea?oi/ae eee ycueii aeanoia a?iea?u e iaeea?u iauathony a
oiaea oi?aia. Oi?a ia/eiaao aaaeouee iaeea? n niiauaiey i oiaa?ao,
aunoaaeaiiuo ia i?iaeaaeo. Anee niiauaiea aucaaei eioa?an o
a?iea?a-iieoiaoaey, ii iiaeieiaao ea?oi/eo. Iinea iaeaoaiey anaai nienea
e iaaieueoiai ia?a?uaa ia/eiaaony ianoaeaeaiea a?iea?ia-i?iaeaaoeia.
Anee a?iea?-iieoiaoaeue aa?ao anth ia?oeth oiaa?a, oi n?aco aea
oeene?oaony naeaeea. Anee oaeiai iieoiaoaey iao, oi ianoaeaeathony
ano?a/iua i?aaeeiaeaiey a?iea?ia-iieoiaoaeae ia oneiaeyo, ia eioi?uo iie
niaeaniu i?eia?anoe oiaa? eee aai /anoue. A neo/aa iiaoi?iie iaoaea/iie
iiiuoee caeeth/eoue naeaeeo iia ioeeaaeuaaaony e ?anniao?eaaaony
neaaeothuaa i?aaeeiaeaiea. I?e aeinoeaeaiee aeiaiai?aiiinoe iaaeaeo
A-i?iaeaaoeii e A-iieoiaoaeai - a aeaea eo onoiiai niaeaney i
acaeiii?eaieaiinoe oneiaee - iaeea? oeene?oao naeaeeo caienueth a
?aaeno?aoeeiiiie ea?oa. Oaeay ?aaeno?aoeey naeaeaoaeuenoaoao i oii, /oi
naeaeea caeeth/aia.
Caiaeueiay ?aioa auaaao aeaoo aeaeia: aeeooa?aioeeaeueiay e aaniethoiay.
I?e/eiie nouanoaiaaiey aeeooa?aioeeaeueiie ?aiou yaeyaony iiiiiieey ia
caieth, eae ia iauaeo oicyenoaa e aeiiieieoaeueiuo aeiaeaiee eaieoaea a
caieth.
I?e/eiie aaniethoiie ?aiou yaeyaony /anoiay nianoaaiiinoue ia caieth.
Oneiaeai nouanoaothuae aeeooa?aioeeaeueiie ?aiou yaeyaony ?acee/ea a
ieiaei?iaeee e ianoiiieiaeaiee caiee, a oae aea aeiiieieoaeueiiai
aeiaeaiey eaieoaea a caieth.
Oneiaeai aaniethoiie ?aiou yaeyaony aieaa ieceia ia?aie/aiea no?iaiey
i?iecaiaenoaa (eaieoaea) a naeueneii oicyenoaa ii n?aaiaieth n
i?iiuoeaiiinoueth.
Enoi/ieeii ?aiou yaeyaony i?eaaai/iue i?iaeoeo.
Iniiao ?aiou ninoaaeyao ?acieoea iaaeaeo iauanoaaiiie noieiinoueth
i?iaeoeoa, ii?aaeaeyaiie oneiaeyie i?iecaiaenoaa ia ooaeoai ii
ieiaei?iaeeth e ianoiiieiaeaieth o/anoea, e eiaeeaeaeoaeueiie
noieiinoueth.
19. ?uiie oeaiiuo aoiaa. Aeaeu oeaiiuo aoiaa, eo eoiey-i?iaeaaea.
?OeA yaeyaony ninoaaiie /anoueth oeiainiaiai ?uiea, eioi?ue aeaeeony ia
aeaiaaeiue ?uiie(ana eino?oiaiou oei., naycaiiua n e?aoein?i/iui
ia?auaieai) e ?uiie eaieoaeia(n?aaeia e aeieain?i/iua e?aaeeou e oeaiiua
aoiaae - aeoeee, iaeeaaoeee e o.ae.)
Ia ?uiea oeaiiuo aoiaa eee oiiaeiaii ?uiea i?iaeathony e iieoiathony ca
aeaiueae oeaiiua aoiaae a aeaea aeoeee iaeeaaoeee, aaenaeae, eioa?aeiuo
aeeaoia e o.ae. ?acee/atho ia?ae/iue ?uiie i?iaeaaee iiauo auiouaiiuo
aoiaa iinea eo yiennee e aoi?e/iue ?uiie i?iaeaaee oaea ia?auathueony
aoiaa.
Oiiaeiaue ?uiie enoi?e/anee ia/eiaao ?acaeaaoueny ia iniiaa nnoaeiiai
eaieoaea, o.e. iieoiea oeaiiuo aoiaa icia/aao ia /oi eiia, eae ia?aaea/o
/anoe aeaiaaeiiai eaieoaea a nnoaeo.
Eeth/aaie caaea/ae, eioi?oth aeieaeai auiieiyoue ?uiie oeaiiuo aoiaa
yaeyaony i?aaeaea anaai iaania/aiea oneiaee aeey i?eaea/aiey eiaanoeoeee
ia i?aaei?eyoey, aeinooi yoeo i?aaei?eyoee e aieaa aeaoaaiio, ii
n?aaiaieth n aaieianeeie e?aaeeoaie eaieoaeo.
Eae e ethaie ae?oaie ?uiie, ?OeA neeaaeuaaaony ec ni?ina, i?aaeeiaeaiey
e o?aaiiaaoeaathuae eo oeaiu. Ni?in nicaeaaony eiiiaieyie e n iaeioi?uo
ii? ainoaea?noaii, eioi?ui ia oaaoaao nianoaaiiuo aeioiaeia aeey
oeiaine?iaaiey eiaanoeoeee. Aecian e i?aaeoaeuenoaa aunooiatho ia ?OeA
/enouie caaiueeaie (aieueoa caieiatho, /ai iaeaeaeeaatho), a /enouie
e?aaeeoi?ii yaeyaony ianaeaiea, ee/iue naeoi?, o eioi?iai ii ?aciui
i?e/eiai aeioiae i?aauoaao noiio ?anoiaeia ia oaeouaa iio?aaeaiea e
eiaanoeoeee a iaoa?eaeueiua aeoeau (aeaaiui ia?acii aeeeuea).
Iniiaiuie o/anoieeaie ?OeA yae. Oiiaeiaua ae?aee e eiaanoeoeeiiiua
oiiaeu.
Aeoeey - yienneiiiay OeA, cae?aieythuay i?aaa aa aea?aeaoaey(aeoeeiia?a)
ia iieo/aiea /anoe i?eauee AI a aeaea aeeaeaeaiaeia, ia o/anoea a
oi?aaeaiee e ia /anoue eiouanoaa, inoathuaainy iinea aai eeeaeaeaoeee.
Iaeeaaoeey - aeieaiaia iaycaoaeuenoai yieoaioa ia?aae eiaanoi?ii. Yoi
OeA n oeene?iaaiiui aeioiaeii, o.e. % ia caaeneo io ?acoeueoaoia ?aaiou
yieoaioa e iaiaa?eaathony ca?aiaa.
I?iecaiaeiua OeA - oaeinoiaa?ytho i?aai aeaaeaeueoea ia iieoieo eee
i?iaeaaeo ia?ae/iuo OeA. Yoi aao/a?(aeae i?aai ia i?eia?aoaiea aeoeee
i?eaaoece?oaiuo i?aaei?eyoee), iioeeii(ia?aaeaao i?aai ia iieoieo eee
i?iaeaaeo ae?oaie OeA ii ii?aaeaeaiiie oeaia aei e(eee) ia
ii?aaeaeaiioth aoaeouoth aeaoo).
Aeaiiceoiua (aeey THE) e naa?aaaoaeueiua (aeey oec.eeoe) na?oeoeeaou -
naeaeaoaeuenoaa aaieia i aianaiee n?aaenoa, aeathuea i?aai ia iieo/aiea
aeeaaea e iaiai?aiiuo i?ioeaioia. Yoi ?aciiaeaeiinoue n?i/iuo aeeaaeia,
eioi?ua iiaoo auoue ia?ai?iaeaiu. I?iaeathony ia oiiaeiauo ae?aeao.
Aaenaeue - aeieaiaia iayc-ai, ninoaaeaiiia ii ii?aaeaeaiiie c-iii oi?ia
e aeathuaa aai aeaaeaeueoeo aaconeiaiia i?aai o?aaiaaoue iaiai?aiioth
noiio ii enoa/aieth oeacaiiiai n?iea.
Ia?aaiaeiie. A. (o?aooa) - ninoaaeyaony e?aaeeoi?ii (o?annaioii) e
niaea?aeeo i?eeac aeieaeieeo (o?annaoo) ia oieaoa iaicia/aiiie noiiu
i?aaeuyaeoaeth aaenaey (?aieoaioo).
20.Oiiaeiaua ae?aee e iaoaieci eo ooieoeeiie?iaaiey.
OA - iniiaiie yeaiaio e eino?oiaio ?uiea oeaiiuo aoiaa, i?aaenoaaeaiiue
naiinoiyoaeueiuie /anoiuie aeoeeiia?iuie eee ainoaea?noaaiiuie
o/?aaeaeaieyie, ?aaoee?othueie e eiio?iee?othueie eo eoieth-i?iaeaaeo.
OA ooieoeeiie?otho ia aoeoeeiiiie iniiaa, /oi iicaieyao ei iia?aoeaii
?aaoee?iaaoue ni?in e i?aaeeiaeaiea ia oeaiiua aoiaae e oi?ie?iaaoue eo
?uii/iue eo?n. A ioee/ee io i?iaeaaee OeA eo yieoaioaie ia ia?ae/iii
?uiea, OA ia?acotho e ianeoaeeaatho aoi?e/iue ?uiie OeA, ia eioi?ii
ia?auathony ?aiaa auiouaiiua OeA. Oaeei ia?acii, OA caieiathony ii nooe
ia?ai?iaeaaeae OeA. OA i?ecaaiu auoue n?aaenoaii iiaeeecaoeee naiaiaeiuo
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa iin?aaenoaii i?iaeaaee aeaaeaeueoeai yoeo n?aaenoa
OeA, onoaiiaeaiey oeaiu e ae?aeaaiai eo?na OeA, niinianoaiaaiey
aeaeaeaieth, ia?aeeao aeaiaaeiiai eaieoaea iaaeaeo ainoaea?noaii,
i?aaei?eyoeyie, aeiiaoieie oicyenoaaie.
Oiiaeiaay ae?aea - yoi i?aaeaea anaai ianoi, aaea iaoiaeyo ae?oa ae?oaa
i?iaeaaaoe e iieoiaoaeue oeaiiuo aoiaa, aaea oeaiu ia yoe aoiaae
ii?aaeaeythony ni?inii e i?aaeeiaeaieai ia ieo, a nai i?ioeann
eoiee-i?iaeaaee ?aaeaiaioe?oaony i?aaeeaie e ii?iaie, o.a. yoi
ii?aaeaeaiiui ia?acii i?aaieciaaiiue ?uiie oeaiiuo aoiaa.
A ea/anoaa oiaa?a ia yoii ?uiea aunooiatho oeaiiua aoiaae - aeoeee,
iaeeaaoeee e o.i., a a ea/anoaa oeai yoeo oiaa?ia - eo?nu yoeo aoiaa.
A ioaeaeueii acyoie oiiaeiaie naeaeea caaeaenoaiaaiu o?e noi?iiu -
i?iaeaaaoe, iieoiaoaeue, iin?aaeiee. Ia ia/aeueiuo yoaiao iiaeaeue
i?aaeaeueii i?inoa - iaeei iin?aaeiee naiaeeo i?iaeaaoea n iieoiaoaeai.
I?e ?inoa ianooaaia oiiaeiauo iia?aoeee iiyaeyaony aoi?ay iiaeaeue, e
iin?aaeieeia oaea aeaia: iieoiaoaeue ia?auaaony e iaeiiio, i?iaeaaaoe -
e ae?oaiio e aa?iyoiinoue niaiaaeaiey iaea. I?e aua aieueoae
eioaineaiinoe oiiaeiauo iia?aoeee neeaaeuaaaony o?aouey iiaeaeue:
oaia?ue oaea naie iin?aaeieee ioaeaeathony a iiiiue, e iaaeaeo ieie
iiyaeyaony aua iaeei. Iaciaai aai oeaio?iaui, a aai eiio?aaaioia
oeaiaiauie iin?aaeieeaie.
A ia?aie e aoi?ie iiaeaeyo naeaeee iin?aaeiee iiaeao aunooiaoue eeai a
iaeiii ea/anoaa, eeai a ae?oaii. A o?aoueae iiaeaee niaethaeaaony
?acaeaeaiea o?oaea: oeaio?iaie iin?aaeiee ?aaioaao ca naie n/ao, a
oeaiaiaua - ia eiienneiiiuo ia/aeao. O?aouey iiaeaeue aeieaia a?aiy,
aieioue aei na?aaeeiu 80-o aiaeia, nouanoaiaaea ia ae?aea a Eiiaeiia, ii
iae aei neo ii? ooieoeeiie?oao Iueth-Ei?eneay oiiaeiaay ae?aea.
Oeaio?iaie iin?aaeiee a Eiiaeiia eiaiiaaeny aeaeiaaa?ii, a Iueth-Ei?ea -
niaoeeaeenoii. Oeaiaiaua iin?aaeieee e oai e oai eiaiothony a?iea?aie.
Ia ?acaeoii oiiaeiaii ?uiea aaeeiiia?acey a iin?aaeie/aneeo iia?aoeeyo
iao, - ana o?e iiaeaee ninouanoaotho, naiy "oiiaeiaay ieoa" iaoiaeeony
aeey eaaeaeie. Iieiaeei, a?iea? n iaoe?iie eeeaioo?ie iieo/aao, iiieii
i?i/eo, aeaa ii?o/aiey, i?e/ai eo?n e ?acia? i?aaeeiaeaiey i?iaeaoue
niaiaaeaao n ia?aiao?aie caeaca ia iieoieo. A?iea?o inoaaony oieueei
ioi?ieoue naeaeeo, n /ai ii aeaaiiieo/ii ni?aaeyaony a iaeeii/eo, ia
ioaeaeaynue a oneoaao ae?oaeo iin?aaeieeia.
Ia?u "naiiauiieiythueony" caeacia iiaoo ia?aciauaaoueny a ae?aeaaie
oieia, eiaaea iaeei a?iea? iauyaeyao ia eiathuainy o iaai i?aaeeiaeaiee,
a ae?oaie ooo aea ioeeeeaaony - o iaai ia?iue caeac (iin?aaeie/anoai ii
aoi?ie iiaeaee). Ii iiiaea ii?o/aiey oi?ioee?othony eae oneiaiua.
Iai?eia?, "i?iaeaoue, anee eo?n iiaeieiaaony aei..." Oaeea caeacu n?aco
auiieieoue iaeuecy. Ooo e i?eoiaeeo ia iiiiuue oeaio?iaie iin?aaeiee, a
oneiaiua ii?o/aiey ia?aaeathony aio oeaiaiauie iin?aaeieeaie. Ioiaoei,
/oi oeaio?iaiai iin?aaeieea iiaeao caiaieoue eiiiuethoa?, e /anoe/ii yoi
oaea aeaeaaony.
Iiiuoaainy ia?eniaaoue aeaaiua i?eioeeiu, ia eioi?uo iino?iai
nouanoaothuee iuia iaoaieci ioi?ieaiey ae?aeaauo naeaeie. I?aaeaea anaai
iaiaoiaeeii auaeaeeoue iaycaoaeueiinoue iaee/ey eee?eiaiaie iaeaou e
oeaio?aeueiiai aeaiiceoa?ey, a eioi?ii o?aiyony iiiaea ec na?oeoeeaoia
aeoeee, eioe?othueony ia Iueth-Ei?eneie oiiaeiaie ae?aea.
Eee?eiaiaay iaeaoa ?aoaao aeaa aeaaiua caaea/e: naa?ea eioi?iaoeee,
iiaeaaaaiie /eaiaie ae?aee i caeeth/aiiuo eie ca aeaiue naeaeeao;
niueaiea ia/aeueiiai e eiia/iiai caaiueaa a oeaiyo, ii eioi?ui iaeie e
oa aea aeoeee ia?aoiaeeee ec ?oe a ?oee a oa/aiea ae?aeaaiai aeiy.
Ii?yaeie naa?ee neaaeothuee: ii eoiaai aeiy eaaeaeue ec ae?aeaaeeia
iiaeaao a eee?eiaiaoth iaeaoo iieiue ia?a/aiue anao caeeth/aiiuo ei
naeaeie. Ai anao neo/ayo eiio?aaaioaie yaeythony ae?oaea /eaiu ae?aee,
iineieueeo eiaanoi?u ia eiatho aeinooia a oi?aiaue cae e iaycaiu
niaa?oaoue iia?aoeee oieueei /a?ac ae?aeaaeeia. Eee?eiaiaay iaeaoa ia
neaaeothuee aeaiue aica?auaao eaaeaeiio /eaio ae?aee aai aea nienie, ii
oaea ?acaeaeaiiue ia aeaa /anoe. A ia?aie - naeaeee, naaaeaiey i eioi?uo
a oi/iinoe niaiaaeatho n oaie, eioi?ua auee iiaeaiu oeacaiiuie a nienea
eiio?aaaioaie. Ai aoi?ie - naeaeee, eioi?ua eiio?aaaiou, oeacaiiua
ae?aeaaeeii, a naieo nieneao ia i?eaaee. E?iia oiai, aeiaaaeyaony
o?aouey /anoue, ninoaaeaiiay eee?eiaiaie iaeaoie: naeaeee, ii eioi?ui
ae?oaea /eaiu ae?aee /eneyo aeaiiiai ae?aeaaeea naiei eiio?aaaioii, a ii
yoe naeaeee a naiai nienea ia i?eaae.
Naa?ea caeai/eaaaony oai, /oi ae?aeaaeee iai?aaeytho a eee?eiaiaoth
iaeaoo ooi/iaiiua nienee naeaeie, a iaeaoa i?iaa?yao, ana ee i?iaeaiu
niyou. Caoai eaeao ionaa i?iiaaeooi/iuo caaiueaa: anee iaeei e oio aea
iaeao aeoeee ca aeaiue iiauaae a ?oeao aeanyoe ae?aeaaeeia, oi iieiue
?an/ao iaiaoiaeei oieueei iaaeaeo ia?aui e aeanyoui.
Eoiaiaua aeaiiua eee?eiaiaay iaeaoa niiauaao a aeaiiceoa?ee. Aeaeueoa
aiciiaeiu aeaa aa?eaioa. Ia?aue: eeeaio oi/ao, /oiau eoieaiiua ei aeoeee
auee ca?aaeno?e?iaaiu "ia oee/iia eiy", oi anoue ca a?iea?neie oe?iie,
auiieieaoee aai caeac. Yoi naiue i?inoie aa?eaio - iao ioaeaeu
auienuaaoue na?oeoeeao, i?inoi a o/aoa, eioi?ue aaaeaony a aeaiiceoa?ee,
aeaeaaony niioaaonoaothuay caienue. Aoi?ie aa?eaio: eeeaio oi/ao
iieo/eoue na?oeoeeao aeoeee ia ?oee. I?e yoii ec aeaiiceoa?ey
iai?aaeyaony eioi?iaoeey aaaioo ii o?ainoa?oo i oii, /oi iaiaoiaeeii
auienaoue na?oeoeeao e aeinoaaeoue aai aeaaeaeueoeo. Iineieueeo aeoeee a
NOA eiaiiua, noa?ue na?oeoeeao iiaaoaaony a ethaii aa?eaioa - eeai
oie/oiaeaaony, anee ii aue ia ?oeao o i?aaeiaai aeaaeaeueoea, eeai
aiinyony eciaiaiey a o/aoiua caiene, anee aeoeee cia/eeenue a
aeaiiceoa?ee ca?aaeno?e?iaaiiuie ia ?oee/iia eiy" e eae oaeiaie
na?oeoeeao ia auienuaaeny. ssnii, /oi ii?yaeie ?aaeno?aoeee aoiaa "ia
oee/iia eiy" oi?iuaao ioi?ieaiea naeaeie e oiaiueoaao iauai ?aaiou eae
aeey aeaiiceoa?ey, oae e aeey aaaioia ii o?ainoa?oo, aaaeue ae?aeaaeee
ia?aa?anuaathony aieueoei /eneii aeoeee. E oiio aea /anoue naeaeie
niaa?oaaony iaaeaeo eiaanoi?aie, iieuecothueieny oneoaaie iaeiie e oie
aea iin?aaeie/aneie oe?iu.
I?e ianeoaeeaaiee oiiaeiauo iia?aoeee iiiaea oneoae aniiiiaaoaeueiiai
oa?aeoa?a, iaoeaeaiiua ia iaania/aiea aania?aaieiiai ioi?ieaiey naeaeie
n oeaiiuie aoiaaaie, /aoeinoe a aeiaaaeaiee aeeaeaeaiaeiuo e i?ioeaioiuo
ieaoaaeae aei aae?anaoia e o.ae., auiieiytho eiiia?/aneea aaiee
21. ?uiie ?aai/ae neeu
?uiie ?aai/ae neeu aaaeiay noa?a yeiiiie/aneie e nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/.
aeecie iauanoaa. Ia ?uiea o?oaea iieo/aao ioeaieo noieiinoue ?aa.neeu,
ii?aaeaeythony oneiaey aa iaeia, a o./. aaee/eia ca?.ieaou, oneiaey
o?oaea, aiciiaeiinoue iieo/aiey ia?aciaaiey, i?io.?inoa, aa?aioee
caiyoinoe.
?uiie o?oaea io?aaeaao iniiaiua oaiaeaioeee a aeeiaieea caiyoinoe, aa
iniiaiuo no?oeoo?ao (io?aneaaie, i?io.-eaaeeoeeaoeeiiiie, aeaiia?aoe/.),
o.a. a iauanoaaiiii ?acaeaeaiee o?oaea, iiaeeueiinoue ?aa. neeu,
ianooaau e aeeiaieeo aac?aaioeoeu.
?uiie ?aai/ae neeu, iiae/eiyynue a oeaeii caeiiai ni?ina e
i?aaeeiaeaiey, eiaao ?yae ioee/ee io ae?. oiaa?i. ?uieia. ?aaoeyoi?aie
caeanue yae. oaeoi?u ia oieueei iae?i- e iee?iyeiiiieee, ii e
nioeeaeueiua e nioe.-ineoieiae/aneea.
Ia aeeiaieeo ?uiea o?oaea aeaenoaoao ?yae oaeoi?ia:
6. I?io.i?eaioaoeey e i?io.ia?aiiaeaioiaea aac?aa-o;
7. Auieaoa iiniaee.
A iuiaoiae neooaoeee iniaia cia/aiea i?eia?aoaao ca?oaaaei.iiuo ii
nicaeaieth o.iac. aaieia ?aa.iano, iniauaiiuo YAI, aaea niae?aaony
eioi?i. i aaeaineyo ia ?aa. ianoa e i i?aaeeiae. ?aa.neeu. Nia?aiiua
naaaeaiey i?aaeinoaaeythony eae i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi, oae e aac?aaioiui.
23. Acaeiiaeaenoaea ain. e ?uii/iiai ?aaoee?-y yeiiiieee.
A.?.Y. a oneiaeyo ?ui.oic-aa, i?aaenoaae. n?aie nenoaio oeiiauo ia?
caeiiiaeao., eniieieo. e eiio?ie.oa?-?a, inouanoaeyaiuo i?aaiauie
ain.o/?aaeaeaieyie.
A nia?.one. A?Y yae. ninoaaiie /anoueth i?ioeanna aini?iec-aa. Iii
?aoaao ?ace.caaea/e:
noeioee?.yeiiii. ?inoa;
?aaoee?.caiyoinoe;
iiiu?aiea i?ia?an.naeaeaia a io?ane.e ?aaeii.no?-?a;
iiaeaea?aeea yenii?oa.
Noauaeoaie yeiiii.iieeoeee yae.iineoaee, au?aceoaee e eniieieoaee
oic.eioa?ania. Iineoaee oic.eioa?ania yoi nioe.a?., ioee/athueany ae?oa
io ae?. ii ?yaeo i?eciaeia; eiouanoaiiiio, ii aeioiaeai, ii aeaeai
aeayo-oe, i?e aiaeia. aeioiaeao, ii i?ioanneyi, io?ane.e
?aaeii.eioa?anai. Iineoaee yeiiii. eioa?ania iauaaeeiaiu a ?acaeouo
no?aiao ?uii/i.oic-aa a iiiai/ene. nithcu, annioeeaoeee: yoi i?ionithcu,
nithcu i?aaei?eieiaoaeae, oa?ia?ia oi?aiaoeaa nooaeaioia e o.ae. Anoue e
nianai iaeicia/auea iauaaeeiaiey, iai?., annioeeaoeey th?. e oece/.eeoe,
caeioa?aniaaiiuo a i?eaaoecaoeee eiie?aoi. caiaeuei.o/anoea, i?e-iaaee.
ioieoeeiaeeoaoo. Oaeea iauaae-iey yae. au?aceoaeyie oic.eioa?ania. Naiua
iiaouanoaaiiua au?aceoaee oic.eioa?ania - nithcu i?aaei?eieiao. e i?io
nithcu. O ieo anoue ia/aoi.ecae-iey, oei.?anoinu. Iie inouanoae. nianoa.
eiioeaioeee nioe.-yeiiii. iieeoeee, no?aiynue ieacaoue iaen.aicaeaenoaea
ia AYI. I?i-aiaeeoue a aeeciue i?ia?aiio A?Y eniieieoaee oic.eioa?ania.
Eie yae. i?aaiu o?ao aaoaae aeanoe, iino?iaiiua ii ea?a?oe/. i?eioeeio,
a oaeaea oeaio?. iaoe. aaie.
24. I?aaei?eyoea (oe?ia) e aai o-oeee.
Naiinoiyoaeueii oicyenoaothuee noauaeo iac.i?aaei?eyoeai, anee ii
nicaeai a ii?yaeea, onoaiiaeaiiui aeaenoaothuei caeiiiaeao-aii e
inouanoaeyao i?iecaiaenoai i?iaeoeoeee, auiieiaiea ?aaio, ieacaiea oneoa
a oeaeyo oaeiaeaoai?aiey iauanoaaiiuo iio?aaiinoae e iieo/aiey i?eauee.
I?aaei?eyoea ia?acoao th?.eeoei, eiaao iac-iea e ia/aoue, ?/n/ao a
aaiea. TH?.eeoeii i?eiyoi n/eoaoue i?a-oeeth, i?aaenoaaeythuoth a
aaeeiii eeoea aoiaeyueo a iaa ioaeaeueiuo noauaeoia, eiathuoth a
?anii?yaeaiee iainiaeai.eiouanoai, ianouoth naiinoiyoaeueioth eiouanoa.
ioaaonoaaiiinoue, aunooi-th a ea/-aa naiinoiyo-ai noauaeoa i?aaa a ?iee
enooea, oae e ioaao/eea.
I?aaei?eyoea i.inouanoaeyoue i?iecaiaenoa., eiiia?/., iao/ii-enneaae.,
eiaanoeoeeiiioth e ae?. aeaeu aeayoaeueiinoe a niioaao-aee n onoaaii
i?aaei?eyoey, a oaeaea ?aoaoue aii?inu,naycaiiua n ?acaeoeai
nioeeae.noa?u (no?-ai aeeeuey aeey ?aa., niaea?aeaiea ae/ioaeuoa,
ae/eaaa?ae, iaae.o/?-iee e o.ae.), i?iaiaeeoue i?e?iaeiio?aiiua
ia?ii?eyoey, iiaea?iecaoeeth i?iec-aa...
O-oeee i?aaei?eyoey: i?aaiecoao i?iecaiaenoa.i?ioeann, aaaeao aoo.o/ao,
i?iaiaeeo iieneiaua iao/ii-enneaae.e ia?eaoeiaiaua enneaaeiaaiey, ieaoeo
iaeiae, caeeth/aao aeiaiai?a n ae?.i?aaei?eyoeyie e ae?.
neiaeeeao - oi?ia aeiaiai?iiai iauaaeeiaiey i?aaei?eyoee,
i?aaeiieaaathuay oeaio?aeecaoeeth niaaaeaiey /eaiia neiaeeeaoa e nauoa
i?iecaiaeeiiai eie i?iaeoeoa. O.ia?., ono?aiyaony eiieo?aioeey iaaeaeo
aai o/anoieeaie a iae. nauoa e caeoiie nu?uey. Eiiia?/aneay
naiinoiyoaeueiinoue /eaiia neioeeaoa oo?a/eaaaony iieiinoueth,
i?iecaiaenoaaiiay - /anoe/ii. I?aaei?eyoea th?eaee/. naiinoiyoaeueii.
O/anoieeaie neiaeeeaoa i.a. ia oieueei i?aaei?eyoey, ii e iauaaeeiaiey,
eiioea?iu, o?anou;
o?anou - oi?ia iauaaeeiaiey i?aaei?eyoee, i?e e-?ie iie iieiinoueth
oo?a/eaatho naith th?., eiiia?/ e i?ieca. naiinoiyoaeueiinoue e
iiae/eiythony aaeeiiio oi?aaeaieth.
I?aaei?eyoea, nicaeaiiia ia iniiaa a?aiaeu e aueoia eiouanoaa
o?oae.eieeaeoeaia. A ?ac-oa oi?ie?oaony niaoaiiay
ainoaea?noaaiii-eieeaeoeaiay nianoaaiiinoue.
26 A?aiaea e a?aiaeiua ioiioaiey
A?aiaea -aeiaiai? i i?aaeinoaaeaiee eiouanoaa ai a?aiaiiia iieueciaaiea
ca ii?aaeaeaiioth ieaoo. A niioaaonoaee n aeiaiai?ii a?aiaeaoi? iieo/aao
i?aaa aeaaeaiey, iieueciaaiey e ?anii?yaeaiey iaiyoui eiouanoaii. I?aai
aeaaeaiey e iieueciaaiey eiouanoaii o a?aiaeaoi?a onoaiaaeeaathony eae
iaiouaieaiay /anoue i?aaiii/ee a?aiaeaoi?a: i?iaeoeoeey, ieiaeu e eiua
aeioiaeu, iieo/aiiua a?aiaeaoi?ii a ?acoeueoaoa eniieueciaaiey
a?aiaeiaaiiiai eiouanoaa a niioaaonoaee n aeiaiai?ii, yaeythony aai
nianoaaiiinoueth. ?anii?yaeeoaeueiua aiciiaeiinoe ii?aaeaeythony ia
iniiaa aeiaiai?a n a?aiaeiaeaoaeai. A?aiaeaoi? ai?aaa n niaeaney
a?aiaeiaeaoaey naeaaaoue eiouanoai a noaa?aiaeo.
Nae/an a?aiaeotho iaei, a iniiaiii einoeooou. Eeeeia.
A?aiaea e a?aiaeiua ioiioaiey au?aaeatho ioiioaiy nianoaaiiinoe.
A?aiaeiue iiae?yae - oi?ia i?aaiecaoeee e iieaou o?oaea ia
i?aaei?eyoee(oe?ia).
27. Aeoeeiia?iua iauanoaa e eo ?ieue a i?aaiecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaaiiie
aeayoaeueiinoe.
AI-iauanoai, onoaaiie eaieoae eioi?iai ?acaeaeai ia ii?aaeaeaiiia /enei
aeoeee. O/anoieee AI ia ioaa/atho ii aai iaycaoaeuenoaai e ia ianoo ?ene
oauoeia a i?aaeaeao noieiinoe i?eiaaeeaaeaueo ei aeoeee.
A)AI ioe?uoiai oeia
O/anoieee iiaoo i?iaeaaaoue aeoeee aac niaeaney inoaeueiuo /eaiia
iauanoaa. AI ai?aaa i?iaiaeeoue ioe?uooth iiaeieneo ia auioneaaiua ei
aeoeee e eo naiaiaeioth i?iaeaaeo. AI iaycaii aaeaaiaeii ioaeeeiaaoue
aiaeiaie io/ao, aoo. Aaeain, n/ao i?eaueae e oauoeia.
A)IA cae?uoiai oeia
Aeoeee ?ani?aaeaeythony oieueei n?aaee o/anoieeia AI. AI ia ai?aaa
i?iaiaeeoue naiaiaeioth iiaeieneo
Aeia?iaieueii ii ?aoaieth iauaai nia?aiey AI iiaeao eeeaeaee?iaaoueny
eee i?aia?aciaaoueny a IIIoa.eee i?iecaiaenoaaiiue eieeaeoea.
I?eioaeeoaeueii-niaeinii Eiaeaena.
28. Aeoeee e eo aeaeu.
Aeoeeae i?eciaaony oeaiiay aoiaaa, oaeinoiaa?ythuay i?aai aa aea?aeaoaey
ia iieo/aiea /anoe i?eauee AI a aeaea aeeaeaeaiaeia, ia o/anoea a
oi?aaeaiee aeaeaie AI e ia /anoue eiouanoaa , inoaaoaainy iinea aai
eeeaeaeaoeee. Aeoeee iiaoo auoue i?eaaeaae?iaaiiuie, aa?aioe?othueie
iieo/aiea aeeaeaeaiaeia ia ieaea, /ai oeene?iaaiiue i?ioeaio io
iiieiaeueiie noieiinoe, aia caaeneiinoe io ?acoeueoaoia aeayoaeueiinoe
AI, a oaeaea - aeathuea i?aeiouanoaaiiia i?aai o/anoey a ?ani?aaeaeaiee
eiouanoaa, inoaaoaainy iinea eeeaeaeaoeee iauanoaa (ia aeatho i?aaa
aieina).
Aeoeee iiaoo auoue eiaiiuie e i?aaeuyaeoaeueneeie. Auione e ia?auaiea
aeoeee ?aaoee?oaony "Iieiaeaieai i auionea e ia?auaiee oeaiiuo aoiaa e
oiiaeiauo ae?aeao, Iieiaeaieai ia AI, ooaa?aeaeaiiui iinoaiiaeaieai
Niaaoa ieieno?ia ?NON? io 25.12.1990. ?601 e Iieiaeaieai i auieaoa
aeeaeaeaiaeia io 10.01.1992 aiaea. ?aeaeceou aeoeee onoaiiaeaiu
I?eeiaeaieai 5 e iieiaeaieth Ieienoa?noaa oeiainia ?O io 17 naioya?y
1992 aiaea. Aeoeey aeieaeia niaea?aeaoue oe?iaiiia iaeiaiiaaiea AI, aai
ianoiiaoiaeaeaiea , iaeiaiiaaiea "aeoeey".ii?yaeeiaue iiia? , aeaoo
auionea, aeae aeoeee, iiieiaeueioth noieiinoue, ?acia? onoaaiiai
eaieoaea yieoaioa ia iiiaio yiennee, eiee/anoai auioneaaiuo aeoeee, n?ie
auieaou aeeaeaeaiaeia, iiaeienue i?aaenaaeaoaey i?aaeaiey. Aeey
i?eaeeaae?iaaiiuo aeoeee aeieaeai auoue i?aaeoniio?ai aeiiieieoaeueiue
?aeaeceo - ieieiaeueiay i?ioeaioiay noaaea aeey ia/eneaiey
aeeaeaeaiaeia. Aeey eiaiiuo aeoeee- iaeiaiiaaiea K e aiciiaeiinoue
ioi?ieaiey naeaeie ii ia?aoiaeo i?aaa nianoaaiiinoe ia oaeea aeoeee.
Eo?n aeoeee- aa i?iaeaaeiay oeaia , eioi?ay a oneiaeyo naiaiaeiiai ?uiea
ia yaeyaony aaee/eiie iinoiyiiie. A ia?eiae e?ecena eo?n iaaeaao, a
ia?eiae i?iiuoeaiiuo iiaeuaiia iiauoaaony. Eo?n aeoeee onoaiaaeeaaaony
ia oiiaeiaie ae?aea. Aeoeey i?iaeaaony ca oaeoth noiio, eioi?ay i?e
iiiauaiee a aaie aeano aeioiae ia ieaea aeeaeaeaiaea. Eo?n aeoeee ?aaai
noiia aiaeiaiai aeioiaea ?acaeaeaiiie ia o?iaaiue nnoaeiiai i?ioeaioa a
no?aia e oiiiaeaiiia ia 100%.
Iiieiaeueiay noieiinoue- aaee/eia oeacaiiay a aeoeee.
29.Ni?in e i?aaeeiaeaiea a ?uii/iie yeiiiieea
?uii/iue iaoaieci-iaoaieci iaoaieci oi?ie?iaaiey e ?ani?aaeaeaiey
?ano?nia, iaoaieci acaeiiaeaenoaey i?iaeaaoeia e iieoiaoaeae oiaa?ia ii
iiaiaeo onoaiiaeaiey oeai e ea/anoaa, iauaia i?iecaiaenoaa, JJ
ia a?aoeea ecia?aaeaiu e?eaua ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey ia ii?aaeaeaiiue
oiaa?. Ia ?uiea aaoiiaoe/anee onoaiiaeony oeaia Oe?ui, i?e eioi?ie
aaee/eia ni?ina N? ?aaia aaee/eia i?aaeeiaeaiey I?. Anee iieoiaoaee
caoioyo eoieoue oiaa? ii oeaia Oe 1, eioi?ay ieaea Oe?ui, oi ni?in N 1
ieaaeaony aieueoei, /ai i?aaeeiaeaiea I 1, aicieeiao aeaoeoeeo oiaa?a,
eciaiyaiue ?aciinoueth Oe1-I1, e oeaia aneaaenoaea yoiai aoaeao
aic?anoaoue, iiea i?aaeeiaeaiea ia o?aaiyaony ni ni?inii. Anee aea
i?iaeaaoeu iiaeaeatho i?iaeaaaoue oiaa? ii oeaia Oe2, eioi?ay auoa
?aaiiaaniie Oe?ui, oi i?aaeeiaeaiea I2 ieaaeaony auoa ni?ina N2,
ia?acoaony ecauoie oiaa?a, ?aaiue 1I-N2, e aneaaenoaea yoiai oeaia
noaiao oiaiueoaoueny aei oao ii?, iiea ni?in e i?aaeeiaeaiea ia
o?aaiiaanyony.
Niune ?aaiiaaney: a oi/ea ia?ana/aiey (a oi/ea ?aaiiaaney) niaiaaeaao
eiee/anoai, eioi?ia iio?aaeoaeue aeaeaao eoieoue, a i?iecaiaeeoaeue
i?iaeaoue. E oieueei i?e oaeie oeaia, eiaaea yoe ieaiu i?iaeaaee e
iieoiie niaiaaeatho, oeaia ia eiaao oaiaeaioeee e eciaiaieth.
Caeii ?uii/iiai ?aaiiaaney: oaeoi? oeaiu ia aeaiiue oiaa? a neooaoeee
?ui.?aaiiaaney ia aaaeao e aai ia?ooaieth, o.e. ecauoie i?aaeeiaeaiey e
aeaoeoeeo ?aaiu ioeth. Noaaeeueiia ?aaiiaanea - ninoiyiea, ioeeiiaiea io
eioi?iai i?eaiaeeo e aica?auaieth a yoi aea ninoiyiea. Eiieo?aioiay
oeaia - oeaia ?aaiiaaney, ia?aciaaiiay ia eiieo?aioiii ?uiea.
Oaeei ia?acii ia eiieo?aioiii ?uiea, i?e oneiaee caaeneiinoe ni?ina ia
oiaa? oieueei io aai oeaiu, onoaiaaeeaaaony ?aaiiaaniay ?uii/iay oeaia,
niioaaonoathuay au?aaieaaieth ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey. ?uii/iay oeaia
iacuaaaony naiaiaeiie, oi anoue iia naiaiaeia io aiaoiaai aeeeoaoa, ii
ia naiaiaeia io caeiiia ?uiea.
32. EIIEO?AIOeEss, AA AEAeU E OOIEOeEE.
Neiai eiieo?aioeey a ia?aaiaea n eaoeineiai icia/aao noieeiiaaiea,
ninoycaiea. A ia?aaiaea ia yeiiiie/aneee ycue eiieo?aioeey-yoi ai?ueaa
iaaeaeo o/anoieeaie ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee ca iieo/aiea iaeneiaeueiiai
yooaeoa, ca auaiaeioth naeaeeo, o.a. yoi niia?ie/anoai iaaeaeo
ethaeueie, oe?iaie, i?aaiecaoeeyie oa??eoi?eyie, caeioa?aniaaiiuie a
aeinoeaeaiee iaeiie e oie aea oeaee.
Iauaeo eiieo?aioeee - yoi iio?aaeoaeue e iieoiaoaeue, ca ?aniieiaeaiea
eioi?iai ai?thony ia ?uiea i?ioeaiiieiaeiua noi?iiu.
A caa e neiinoe io nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/ a neeo ioiioaiee, neiaee a
oaeny a oie eee eiie no?aia, iiaeii auaeaeeoue iaiaeeiaeiaua oeiu e
aeaeu eiieo?aioeee. A oicyenoaao, iniiaaiiuo ia /anoiie nianoa a iiinoe,
?acaeaathony i a neie uee i inii a iu o a e aeia eiie o ? a ioeee:
iaaeaeo e?oiiuie oiaa?ii?iecaiaeeoaeyie (ainoaea?noaaiiuie e
eieeaeoeaiuie i ? a aei? e yoeyie, aeoeeiia?iuie iauanoaaie ,
no?aiyueieny iieo/eoue iiaieueoa i?eauee;
n eiino?aiiui eaieoaeii. Eiieo?aioeey a noa?a ia?eaoeiaa auaaao -
ianeieueeeo aeaei a :
ooieoeeiiaeueiay eiieo?aioeey (oi a a?u, n i iiiuueth eioi?uo iiaeii
oaeiaeaoai?eoue iio?aaiinoue, aunooiatho eiieo?aioiuie ae?oa ae? oao ;
aeaeiaay e i ieo ?a ioee y(?ac o eue oao oi a i . /oi eiathony oiaa?u
ianeoaeeaathuea iaeio e oo aea iio?aaiinoue, ii ?acee/athueany iaaeaeo
niaie ii eaeei oi noua n oaaiiui oa?aeoa?enoeeai:
i?aaeiaoiay eiieo?aioeey (aicieeaao ii oiio. /oi i?iecaiaeeoaee nicaea
th o iaeeiaei a ua o iaa?u, ?acee/athu ea ny oieueei ea/anoaii, a
ia?aaeei iaeeiaeiaua ii ea/anoao). Ooieoeee :
auyaeaiea e onoaiiae a iea ?uii/iie noieiinoe oiaa?a:
au?aaieaaiea eiaeeaeaeoaeueiuo noieiinoae e ?ani?aaeaeaiea i?eauee a
caaeneiinoe io ?acee/iuo cao?ao o?oaea:
?aaoee?iaaiea ia?aeeaa n?aaenoa iaaeaeo io?aneyie e i?iecaiaenoaaie.
33. AICIEEIIAAIEA E NOUIINOUe IIIIIIEEE. ?ACIIAEAeIINOE IIIIIIEEE
1. Iiiiiieeci iaoae yeiiiieee eiaao enoi?e/aneea ei?ie. 0niiau
iiiiiieueiie no?oeoo?u a noa?a i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?auaiey auee
noi?ioee?iaaiu aei 1917 aiaea. Iiiiiieecaoeey ?uiea inouanoaeyaony
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeie iiiiiieeyie. Iiae i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneie
iiiiiieeae iiieiaaony i?aaei?eyoea, eiioeaio?e?othuaa oaeoth aeieth
niaieoiiiai i?aaeeiaeaiey ia niioaaonoaothuai ?uiea, eioi?ay iicaieyao
aio, iaieioee?oy iauaiii i?iaeaae, aeeyoue ia Oi?ie?iaaiea ?uii/iuo
oeai. *ai auoa aeiey i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo iiiiiieee ia oii eee eiii
?uiea e /ai auoa aeiey ia yoii ?uiea eaaeaeie ec ieo, oai niioaaonoaaiii
auoa noaiaiue aai iiiiiieecaoeee, oai iaiaa eiieo?aioiui yaeyaony
aeaiiue ?uiie. Eae i?aaeei, a no?aiao, yeiiiieea eioi?uo aeeeoaeueiia
a?aiy ?acaeaaeanue a ?aieao ieaiiaie nenoaiu, noaiaiue iiiiiieecaoeee
?uiea auoa, /ai a ainoaea?noaao n enoi?e/anee neiaeeaoeiny ?uii/iui
oicyenoaii. Yoi naycaii i?aaeaea anaai n ?acee/eyie iooae oi?ie?iaaiey
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo iiiiiieee. A ?uii/iii oicyenoaa iiiiiieenoe/aneea
iauaaeeiaiey oi?ie?iaaeenue "nieco"; iie yaeythony neaaenoaeai ?acaeoey
eiieo?aioeee, i?eaiaeyuae e ?inoo eiioeaio?aoeee e oeaio?aeecaoeee
i?iecaiaenoaa e eaieoaea. Ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu iie?aynue ia
aioeiiiiiieueiia caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai, iuoaeenue i?aiyonoaiaaoue
cia/eoaeueiiio iiauoaieth noaiaie iiiiiieecaoeee. A ieaiiaie yeiiiieea
iiiiiie.-ea no?oeoo?u oi?ie?iaaeenue "naa?oo"'. Ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu
ia oieueei ia i?aiyonoaiaaee, a, iaiai?io, aeoeaii niinianoaiaaee
iiauoaieth noaiaie iiiiiieecaoeee oicyenoaa. Ecaanoii, /oi
yooaeoeaiinoue aeanoeiai oeaio?aeeciaaiiiai oi?aaeaiey, iniiaaiiiai ia
aaeieieno?aoeaiuo iaoiaeao, nieaeaaony ni cia/eoaeueiui oaaee/aieai
/enea oi?aaeai/aneeo naycae. Iiyoiio ainoaea?noaaiiua ieienoa?noaa e
aaaeiinoaa, no?aiynue ia?aie/eoue ?ino oaeeo naycae, iuoaeenue
neiioeaio?e?iaaoue i?iecaiaenoai eaaeaeiai aeaea i?iaeoeoeee a ?aieao
iaeneiaeueii oceiai e?oaa i?aaei?eyoee, niaaeeieoue a i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo
iauaaeeiaieyo i?iecaiaeeoaeae iaeeiaeiaie e aiaeiae/iie i?iaeoeoeee. A
?acoeueoaoa neeaaeuaaeanue aunieiiiiiiieece?iaaiiay yeiiiieea. Iinea
i?eiyoey caeiia "I i?aaei?eyoeyo a NNN?" a 1987 a. iiiiiieeci " ?anoeaae
iao?iaui oeaaoii" e i?aaei?eyoey noaee iieo/aoue ?aaeueioth
yeiiiie/aneoth naiinoiyoaeueiinoue, o.e. aaeieieno?aoeaiia ?aaoee?iaaiea
e oeaio?aeeciaaiiia ieaie?iaaiea noaee iooiaeeoue a i?ioeia, a naie
iiiiiieee i?e yoii iieo/eee iieioth naiaiaeo. Anieane i?iyaeaiee
iiiiiieecia i?iecioae a 1992a., eiaaea i?aaeoaeuenoai ?innee iauyaeei ni
2-ai yiaa?y ia?aoiae ia ?uii/iua ioiioaiey.
O?aaeeoeeiiiui noauaeoii ainoaea?noaaiiiai ?aaoee?iaaiey yaeyaony
aeayoaeueiinoue oae iacuaaaiuo anoanoaaiiuo iiiiiieee. Anoanoaaiiay
iiiiiieey eiaao ianoi oiaaea, eiaaea ana ?uii/iia i?aaeeiaeaiea
ii?aaeaeaiiuo oiaa?ia e oneoa nin?aaeioi/aii a ?oeao iaeiiai i?iaeaaoea
e nicaeaiea eiieo?aioiie n?aaeu yeiiiie/anee iayooaeoeaii. Yooaeo
ianooaaa ianoieueei aaeee, /oi iaeia oe?ia iiaeao iieiinoueth
oaeiaeaoai?eoue ?uii/iue ni?in i?e aieaa ieceeo ecaea?aeeao
i?iecaiaenoaa, /ai eiaee au aeaa eee ianeieueei eiieo?e?othueo oe?i. Ia
iauaiaoeeiiaeueiii o?iaia e iaeanoe anoanoaaiiuo iiiiiieee iiaeii
ioianoe, iai?eia?, aeaeaciua aei?iae e iaooai?iaiaeu, ia ?aaeiiaeueiii
o?iaia - nenoaio aiaei- e aaciniaaaeaiey, oaeaoiiioth naycue,
iauanoaaiiue o?ainii?o e o.i. Ionoonoaea eiieo?aioiie n?aaeu aeaeaao
iayooaeoeaiui eniieueciaaiea ?uii/iuo iaoaieciia i ?aaoee?iaaiee
aeayoaeueiinoe anoanoaaiiuo iiiiiieee. Iiyoiio ainoaea?noaaiiia
?aaoee?iaaiea yaeyaony caeanue iniiaiie oi?iie eii?aeeiaoeee. Oaeoe/anee
iii no?ieony ia oao aea i?eioeeiao, /oi e ?aaoee?iaaiea a ieaiiaie
yeiiiieea: ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu oi?aaeaiey (iauaiaoeeiiaeueiua eee
?aaeiiaeueiua) ii?aaeaeytho o?iaaiue oeai e oa?eoia, a oaeaea iniiaiua
ia?aiao?u, oa?aeoa?ecothuea iauai e anni?oeiaio i?aaeeaaaaiuo oiaa?ia e
oneoa.
35. INIIAIUA IIIAIOU AIOEIIIIIIEUeIIAI CAEIIIAeAOAEUeNOAA E AAI
YOOAEOEAIINOUe.
A ?aieao aioeiiiiiieueiie iieeoeee iiaeii auaeaeeoue aeaa iniiaiuo
iai?aaeaiey: aeaiiiiiieecaoeeth e ?aaoee?iaaiea aeayoaeueiinoe
i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo iiiiiieee. Iieeoeea aeaiiiiiieecaoeee iai?aaeaia
ia nieaeaiea (ia?aie/aiea ?inoa) noaiaie iiiiiieecaoeee ?uiea. Aa
yooaeoeaiia i?iaaaeaiea a ?aieao ia?aoiaeiie yeiiiieee i?aaeiieaaaao,
ai-ia?auo, ?ac?aaioeo nenoaiu ia?aie/aiee ia neeyiey e eiua
iaaeoe?iaiiua niaeaoaiey, aaaeouea e nouanoaaiiiio ?inoo o?iaiy
iiiiiieecaoeee e ia?aie/aieth eiieo?aioeee. Caeii ?O I eiieo?aioeee e
ia?aie/aiee iiiiiieenoe/aneie aeayoaeueiinoe ia oiaa?iuo ?uieao
cai?auaao niaeaoaiey iaaeaeo eiieo?e?othueie oe?iaie, caieiathueie a
niaieoiiinoe aeiieie?othuaa iieiaeaiea ia ?uiea, anee eo ?acoeueoaoii
iiaeao auoue nouanoaaiiia ia?aie/aiea eiieo?aioeee. A oii /enea,
cai?auathony niaeaoaiey e niaeaniaaiiua aeaenoaey. iai?aaeaiiua ia
onoaiiaeaiea e iiaeaea?aeaiea oeai, ?acaeae ?uieia nauoa, ia?aie/aiea
aeinooia ia ?uiie ae?oaeo oe?i e o.ae. Iieiaeaiea oe?i iiaeao auoue
i?eciaii aeiieie?othuei, anee aeiey ia ?uiea oiaa?a i?aauoaao 35%. Yoio
e?eoa?ee /?acia?ii aunie, /oi nieaeaao aeaenoaaiiinoue iieeoeee
aeaiiiiiieecaoeee.
Ai-aoi?uo, i?iaaaeaiea aeaeiioeaio?aoee e (?acoe?oi i a ie y)
neiaeeaoeony i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneeo iiiiiieee. Aunieee o?iaaiue
eiioeaio?aoeee e n ia oeeaeecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa ia?anoaao auoue
yeiiiie/anee ii?aaaeaiiui.
A-o?aoueeo, niaeaenoaea eiieo?aioeee a iiiiiieece?iaaiiuo io?aneyo. Aa
i?iaaaeaiea caeeth/aaony a noeioee?iaaiee nicaeaiey iiauo i?aaei?eyoee a
yoeo io?aneyo, a iiiu?aiee aeaenoaothueo i?aaei?eyoee Ae?oaeo io?aneae e
i?iecaiaenoao iiiiiieece?iaaiiuo aeaeia i?iaeoeoeee, a i iiu?aiee
eiii?oa oaeie i?iaeoeoeee. N? a aenoaaie inouanoaeaiey oaeie iieeoeee
yaeythony iaeiaiaua e oaiiaeaiiua i?aoa?aioeee, eueaioiia e? a aeeoiaaie
a i ?aaei?eyoee. 2. Iauaeoii ?aaoee?iaaiey yaeyaony:
· oeaiiaia ?aaoee?iaaiea ii i?iaeoeoeee i?aaei?eyoee iiiiiieenoia.
Ionoonoaea eiieo?aioiie n?aaeu aeaeaao iayooaeoeaiui eniieueciaaiea
?uii/iuo iaoaieciia a ?aaoee?iaaiee aeayoaeueiinoe anoanoaaiiuo
iiiiiieee, iiyoiio ainoaea?noaaiiua i?aaiu oi?aaeaiey ii?aaeaeytho
o?iaaiue oeai e oa?eoia, a oaeaea iniiaiua ia?aiao?u, oa?aeoa?ecothuea
iauai e anni?oeiaio i?aaeeaaaaiuo oiaa?ia e oneoa.
? aaoee?i a aiea aeayoaeueiinoe i?aaei?ei e iaoaeueneeo iiiiiieee
aeaenoaothueo ia eiieo?aioiuo ?uieao ia caiaiyao, a caueuaao
eiieo?aioiue ?uii/iue iaoaieci. Caeiiiaeaoaeuenoai ?O cai?auaao
aeaenoaea i? a aei?eieiaoaeueneeo iiiiiieee, c aieiathueo
aeiieie?othuaa iieiae a iea ia ?uie a , iai?aae a iiu a ia ia?aie/aiea
eiieo? a ioeee.
Oaeae a i?eiaiyaony oe a iiai a ?aaoee?iaaiea ii i?iaeoeoee e
i?aaei?eyoee i iiiiieenoia. Iin?aaenoaii onoaiiaeaiey oaa?aeuo
oeene?iaaiiuo oe a i eee oae iacuaaaiuo i?aaeaeueiuo oeai, eiaaea
i?aaei?eyoeth onoaiiaeai iaeneiaeueiue o?i a aiue, aei eioi?iai iii
iiaeao iiauoaoue oeaio.
Oeaio?aeeciaaiiia ?aaoee?iaaiea oe a i aeiee?o a o ae a enoaea
eiieo?aioiiai oeaiiaiai iaoaiecia, i?aiyonoaoao ii?iaeueiie ?aaioa
?uiea, o.a. oeaii a ia ? a aoee?iaaie a ia neaaeoao eniieueciaaoue eae
oieaa?naeueiia n?aaenoai aioeiiiiiieueiie iieeoeee.
Oeaee aioeiiiiiieueiie aeayoaeueiinoe a iaoae no?aia no i ?ioee?oai
e?aoei - ianuuaiea ?uiea oiaa?aie e oneoaaie . eeeaeaeaoeey
aeaoeoeeoa:
· ?acaeoea eiieo?aioeee e i?ana/aiea iaaeia?iniaanoiie eiieo?aioeee e
oai naiui oi?ie?iaaiea ?uii/iuo ioiioaiee;
· ia?aie/aiea e i?ana/aiea aeayoaeueiinoe neiaeeaoeony iiiiiieee e
iaaeiiouaiea ia?aciaaiey iiauo;
· ai?ueaa n ia?ooaieyie caeiia, i?aiyonoaothueie ?acaeoeth ii?iaeueiiai
?uiea, a oii /enea n ei??oioeeae;
· iiaeaea?aeea iiauo, e i?aaeaea anaai iaainoaea?noaaiiuo
yeiiiie/aneeo no?oeoo?;
· caueoa i?aa iio?aaeoaeae.
36.Ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa, eo aeaeu e no?oeoo?a
Iiiyoea ecaea?aeae iniiauaaaony ia oaeoa ?aaeeinoe ?ano?nia e
aiciiaeiinoe eo aeueoa?iaoeaiiai eniieueciaaiey. Ecaea?aeee ni noi?iiu
oe?iu - auieaou, eioi?ua oe?ia iaycaia naeaeaoue, eee aeioiaeu, eioi?ua
oe?ia aeieaeia iaania/eoue iinoaaueeo ?ano?nia aeey oiai, /oiau ioaea/ue
yoe ?ano?nu io eniieueciaaiey a aeueoa?iaoeaiuo i?iecaiaenoaao.
Ecaea?aeee auaatho aioo?aiiea e aiaoiea. Aeaiaaeiua aeioiaeu, eioi?ua
oe?ia ianao a iieueco iinoaaueeia nu?uey, oiieeaa, yia?aeth e ae?.,
iacuaathony aiaoieie. Eo iacuaatho oaeaea yaiuie eee aooaaeoa?neeie
ecaea?aeeaie, iioiio /oi iie io?aaeathony a aooaaeoa?neii o/aoa
i?aaei?eyoey e eiatho oi?io aeaiaaeiuo ieaoaaeae iinoaaueeai oaeoi?ia
i?iecaiaenoaa e i?iiaaeooi/iuo ecaeaeee. Ecaea?aeee ia nianoaaiiue
?ano?n (iai?oaeiaaiea), iacuaathony aioo?aiieie eee iayaiuie. Noaouee
aooaaeoa?neeo ecaea?aeae - yoi noaouee cao?ao, ia?acothueo
naaanoieiinoue i?iaeoeoeee. Noaouee neaaeothuea: iaoa?eaeueiua cao?aou,
cao?aou ia iieaoo o?oaea, io/eneaiey ia nioeeaeueiua ioaeaeu,
aii?oecaoeey e i?i/ea cao?aou. Ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa caaenyo io oeai
iaiaoiaeeiuo ?ano?nia, io oaoiieiaee, o.a. io eiee/anoaa ?ano?nia,
iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey i?iecaiaenoaa. Yeiiiienou n/eoatho ecaea?aeeaie ana
ieaoaaee - aioo?aiiea e aiaoiea, iaiaoiaeeiua aeey ecaioiaeaiey
i?iaeoeoa (oneoae). Iinoiyiiua ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa - oaeea
ecaea?aeee, aaee/eia eioi?uo ia iaiyaony a caaeneiinoe io eciaiaiey
iauaia i?iecaiaenoaa. Iinoiyiiua ecaea?aeee naycaiu n ooieoeeiie?iaaieai
i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai iai?oaeiaaiey oe?iu, aeaaea anee oe?ia ie/aai ia
i?iecaiaeeo. E iinoiyiiui ecaea?aeeai ioiineony iieaoa iaycaoaeuenoa ii
iaeeaaoeeiiiui caeiai, ?aioiua ieaoaaee, io/eneaiey ia aii?oecaoeeth,
no?aoiaua aciinu, ca?ieaoo. Ia?aiaiiua ecaea?aeee - oaeea ecaea?aeee,
aaee/eia eioi?uo iaiyaony a caaeneiinoe io eciaiaiey iauaia
i?iecaiaenoaa. E iei ioiinyony cao?aou ia nu?uea, oiieeai, yia?aeth,
o?ainii?o, o?oaeiaua ?ano?nu. I?e?ino noiiu ia?aiaiiuo ecaea?aeae,
naycaiiuo n oaaee/aieai iauaia i?iecaiaenoaa ia iaeio aaeeieoeo, ia
yaeyaony iinoiyiiui. Iauay noiia ecaea?aeae - yoi noiia iinoiyiiuo e
ia?aiaiiuo ecaea?aeae i?e aeaiiii iauaia i?iecaiaenoaa. Iia aoaeao
oiaiueoaoueny i?e oaaee/aiee iauaia i?iecaiaenoaa e ia?anoaoue i?e
oiaiueoaiee i?aaeaeueiie i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe. Ia?aiaiiuie ecaea?aeeaie
i?aaei?eieiaoaeue iiaeao oi?aaeyoue, iinoiyiiua - iaoiaeyony aia
eiio?iey oe?iu. N?aaeiea ecaea?aeee - ecaea?aeee a ?an/aoa ia aaeeieoeo
i?iaeoeoeee. Iie eniieuecothony aeey oi?ie?iaaiey oeaiu. N?aaeiea
iinoiyiiua ecaea?aeee ii?aaeaeythony iooai aeaeaiey noiia?iuo iinoiyiiuo
ecaea?aeae ia eiee/anoai i?iecaaaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee. N?aaeiea ia?aiaiiua
ecaea?aeee ii?aaeaeythony iooai aeaeaiey noiia?iuo ia?aiaiiuo ecaea?aeae
ia eie-ai i?iecaaaeaiiie i?iaeoeoeee. N?aaeiea iauea ecaea?aeee iiaeii
?ann/eoaoue iooai aeaeaiey noiiu iaueo ecaea?aeae ia eie-ai i?iaeoeoeee.
I?aaeaeueiua ecaea?aeee - aeiiieieoaeueiua eee aeiaaai/iua ecaea?aeee,
naycaiiua n i?iecaiaenoaii aua iaeiie aaeeieoeu i?iaeoeoeee.
I?aaeaeueiua ecaea?aeee iiiiaatho ii?aaeaeeoue i?aaeaeueioth
caa?oaeaiiinoue, auoa eioi?ie i?iecaiaenoai ia yooaeoeaii. N iiiiuueth
i?aaeaeueiuo ecaea?aeae iiaeii ii?aaeaeeoue ieieiaeueiue yooaeoeaiue
?acia? i?aaei?eyoey.
2.Caaea/ae iee?iyeiiiieee yaeyaony aiaeec acaeiiaeaenoaey yeiiiie/aneeo
noauaeoia ia ioaeaeueiuo ?uieao.
Iae?i - aieueoie ( a ia?aaiaea n a?a/aneiai). ?acaeae iaoee i oicyenoaa
eae oeaeii, i i?iaeaiao yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa e caiyoinoe, i
aiciiaeiinoyo e ?aaioa oicyenoaaiiiai iaoaiecia, i ooieoeeyo
ainoaea?noaa e yeiiiie/aneie iieeoeee iacuaaaony iae?iyeiiiieeie.
Iae?iyeiiiieea ioaaouaaao ana iaoeeiiaeueiia oicyenoai, iicaieyao
auyaeoue aioo?aiiea yeiiiie/aneea nayce, naienoaaiiua aio, eae aaeeiiio
oeaeiio.
Iau/ii, /oiau ?ann/eoaoue AII, e iieacaoaeth AAI aeiaaaeytho ?aciinoue
iaaeaeo i?eaueyie e aeioiaeaie, iieo/aiiuie i?aaei?eyoeyie e oece/aneeie
eeoeaie aeaiiie no?aiu ca ?oaaaeii, n iaeiie noi?iiu e i?eaueyie e
aeioiaeaie, iieo/aiiuie eiino?aiiuie eiaanoi?aie e eiino?aiiuie
?aaioieeaie a aeaiiie no?aia, n ae?oaie noi?iiu.
Yoa ?aciinoue aeey aaaeoueo no?ai Caiaaea - +- 1% io AAI. A iaoae no?aia
AII e AAI -ia/aeny n 1988a.
I?iecaaaeaiiay i?iaeoeoeey aeeth/aao i?iiaaeooi/iue e eiia/iue i?iaeoeo
(aeaieiie o/ao). I?iiaaeooi/iue i?iaeoeo - oa /anoue AII (aaeiaie
iauanoaaiiue i?iaeoeo), eioi?ue eniieuecoaony ia i?ioyaeaiee aiaea ia
oaeouea iaoa?eaeueiua cao?aou (nu?uea, iaoa?eaeu, oiieeai, yia?aey,
i/oaa?eeaou e o.ae.), o.a. oaeea i?aaeiaou o?oaea, eioi?ua ia auoiaeyo
ec i?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oeeeea. Eiia/iue i?iaeoeo - yoi oiaa?u e oneoae,
eioi?ua iieoiathony iio?aaeoaeyie aeey eiia/iiai eniieueciaaiey, a ia
aeey ia?ai?iaeaaee.
Iaoiaeu iiaen/aoa: Eaaeaeay no?aia ?aoaao ii ?an/aoai e iaoiaeai NIN.
1.Aaeieieno?aoeaiua. Ia naycaiu n nicaeaieai aeiiieieoaeueiiai
iaoa?eaeueiiai noeioea eee iianiinoueth oeiainiaiai oua?aa. Iie
aace?othony ia neea ainoaea?noaaiiie aeanoe e aeeth/atho ia?u cai?aoa,
?ac?aoaiey e i?eioaeaeaiey.
Aeaiueae yaeythony caaa?oathuei yoaiii a i?ioeanna iaiaia e aunooiatho
eae naiinoiyoaeueiia aiieiuaiea oiaa?iie noieiinoe. Aeey ian - yoi
iaee/iua e aaciaee/iua aeaiueae.
4.Aeaiueae eae n?aaenoai iaeiieaiey, naa?aaeaiey e ia?aciaaiey nie?iaeu.
5.Ie?iaua aeaiueae.
Aeaiaaeiay nenoaia - yoi oi?ia i?aaiecaoeee aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey a
no?aia, o.a. aeaeaeaiea aeaiaa a iaee/iie e aaciaee/iie oi?iao. Iia
aeeth/aao yeaiaiou: aeaiaaeioth aaeeieoeo, ianooaa oeai, aeaeu aeaiaa a
no?aia, ii?yaeie yiennee e ia?auaiey aeaiaa, a oaeaea ainoaea?noaaiiue
aiia?ao, inouanoaeythuee ?aaoee?iaaiea aeaiaaeiiai ia?auaiey.
Aeaeu aeaiaa:
1.Iaee/iua aeaiueae:
1)Iiiaou. Neoaeao a ea/anoaa ?aciaiiuo aeaiaa. Aaiaeeo Oeaio?aeueiue
Aaie.
2)Aaieianeea aeeaou (aaieiiou) - iaoeeiiaeueiua aeaiueae. Eo yienneth
inouanoaeyao Oeaio?iaaie.
3)Eacia/aeneea aeeaou - oa aea aoiaaeiua aeaiueae, ii auioneaaiua
iaiin?aaenoaaiii ainoaea?noaaiiui eacia/aenoaii -ieienoa?noaii oeiainia.
2.Aaciaee/iua aeaiueae - yoi n?aaenoaa ia n/aoao a aaieao, ?acee/iua
aeaiiceou (aeeaaeu) a aaieao, aeaiiceoiua na?oeoeeaou, ainoaea?noaaiiua
oeaiiua aoiaae. Yoe aeeaaeu iacuaathony aaieianeeie aeaiueaaie. *ae
-ia?aaiaeiie aaenaeue, aunoaaeaiiue ia aaie e iiea/eaaaiue ii
i?aaeuyaeaieth.
3.Yeaeo?iiiua aeaiueae. Ieaoaaeiua ieanoeeiaua ea?oi/ee - yoi aeaiaaeiue
aeieoiaio, oaeinoiaa?ythuee iaee/ea n/aoa aa aea?aeaoaey a e?aaeeoiii
o/?aaeaeaiee.
Neieueei ioaeii aeaiaa?
Eiee/anoai, iaiaoiaeeiia aeey ia?auaiey aeaiaa I yaeyaony noiiie oeai
?aaeecoaiuo oiaa?ia ? aeaeaiiie ia /enei iai?ioia aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeu
V:
I=?/V
49. E?aaeeo e aai iniiaiua oi?iu
E?aaeeo [kredo] - aeiaa?yth.
Nnoaeiui eaieoaeii iacuaaaony eaieoae a aeaiaaeiie oi?ia,
i?aaeinoaaeyaiue a nnoaeo aai nianoaaiieeaie ia oneiaeyo aica?aoiinoe ca
ieaoo a aeaea i?ioeaioa. Aeaeaeaiea yoiai eaieoaea iacuaaaony e?aaeeoii.
E?aaeeo - yoi aeaeaeaiea noieiinoe ia oneiaeyo aica?aoiinoe.
Aaaeiua enoi/ieee nnoaeiiai eaieoaea:
1.Aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa, i?aaeiacia/aiiua aeey ainnoaiiaeaiey iniiaiiai
eaieoaea e iaeaieeaaaiua ii ia?a ia?aianaiey aai noieiinoe ii /anoyi ia
nicaeaaaaiua oiaa?u a aeaea aii?oecaoeee;
2.*anoue iai?ioiiai eaieoaea, aunaiaiaeaeaaiay a aeaiaaeiie oi?ia a
nayce n ianiaiaaeaieai ai a?aiaie i?iaeaaee ecaioiaeaiiuo oiaa?ia e
iieoiee nu?uey, oiieeaa e iaoa?eaeia, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey i?iaeieaeaiey
i?ioeanna i?iecaiaenoaa;
3.Eaieoae, a?aiaiii naiaiaeiue a i?iiaaeooeao iaaeaeo iinooieaieai
aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa io ?aaeecaoeee oiaa?ia e auieaou c/ieaou;
4.I?aaeiacia/aiiay aeey eaieoaeecaoeee noieiinoue, iaeaieeaaaiay i?e
?anoe?aiiii aini?iecaiaenoaa aei ii?aaeaeaiiie aaee/eiu, caaenyuae io
ianooaaia i?aaei?eyoee e eo oaoie/aneiai o?iaiy;
5.Aeaiaaeiua aeioiaeu e naa?aaeaiey /anoiuo eeoe aeeth/ay ana
iauanoaaiiua neie ianaeaiey. Aaaeiui enoi/ieeii nnoaeiiai eaieoaea
yaeythony aeaiaaeiua iaeiieaiey ainoaea?noaa.
E?aaeeoiay nenoaia i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ooieoeeiiaeueioth iiaenenoaio
?uii/iiai oicyenoaa, iiin?aaenoaothuoth i?ioeannu oi?ie?iaaiey eaieoaea
a yeiiiie/aneie nenoaia e aai aeaeaeaiea iaaeaeo noauaeoaie e naeoi?aie
yeiiiieee.
E?aaeeoiua aeaiueae - yoi aoiaaeiua ciaee noieiinoe, aicieeoea acaiai
cieioa ia iniiaa e?aaeeoa. Aeaeu e?aaeeoiuo aeaiaa: aaenaeue, aaieiiou e
/ae. Aeaiiceoiua aeaiueae -nenoaia niaoeeaeueiuo ?an/aoia iaaeaeo
aaieaie ia iniiaa aaieianeeo aeeaaeia iooai ia?aiina noiiu n iaeiiai
n/aoa ia ae?oaie.
Oi?iu e?aaeeoa:
1.Eiiia?/aneee e?aaeeo - yoi e?aaeeo, i?aaeinoaaeyaiue iaeieie
i?aaei?eyoeyie ae?oaei a aeaea i?iaeaaee oiaa?ia n ion?i/eie ieaoaaea.
I?oaeeai eiiia?/aneiai e?aaeeoa neoaeeo aaenaeue. I?inoie aaenaeue -
aaenaeueiia iaycaoaeuenoai, auaeaaaaiia caaiueeii ia eiy e?aaeeoi?a, n
oeacaieai ianoa e a?aiaie auaea/e aeieaiaiai iaycaoaeuenoaa, noiiu
iineaaeiaai, ianoa e a?aiaie ieaoaaea. Ia?aaiaeiie aaenaeue (o?aooa) -
ienueiaiiue i?eeac iaeiiai eeoea ae?oaiio ia iieaoa ii?aaeaeaiiie noiiu
o?aoueaio eeoeo eee i?aaeuyaeoaeth. Iauaeo ia?aaiaeiiai aaenaey -
oiaa?iue eaieoae. Oeaeue eiiia?/aneiai e?aaeeoa - onei?eoue ?aaeecaoeeth
oiaa?ia e caeeth/aiiie a ieo i?eauee.
4.Ainoaea?noaaiiue e?aaeeo - niaieoiiinoue e?aaeeoiuo ioiioaiee, a
eioi?uo caaiueeaie eee e?aaeeoi?aie aunooiatho ainoaea?noai e ianoiua
i?aaiu aeanoe.
5.Iaaeaeoia?iaeiue e?aaeeo - aeaeaeaiea e ooieoeeiie?iaaiea nnoaeiiai
eaieoaea iaaeaeo no?aiaie
6.?inoiaue/anee e?aaeeo - iao eeoeaicee.
Ooieoeee e?aaeeoa:
1.Ia?a?ani?aaeaeeoaeueiay, i?e aai iiiiue naiaiaeiua aeaiaaeiua eaieoaeu
e aeioiaeu aeeoioee?othony e i?aa?auathony a nnoaeiue eaieoae, eioi?ue
ia?aaeaaony ca ieaoo ai a?aiaiiia iieueciaaiea.
Oeiainiaue ?uiie i?aaenoaaeyao niaie noa?o ooieoeeiie?iaaiey
?aciiia?aciuo oeaiiuo aoiaa, auioneaaiuo ainoaea?noaii e i?aaei?eyoeyie
n oeaeueth i?eaea/aiey ?????????
?ieue oeiainiaie nenoaiu caeeth/aaony a oii, /oiau n iiiiuueth
oeiainiauo ioiioaiee aeeyoue ia oaiiu e i?iii?oeee
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneiai ?acaeoey no?aiu.
54.EIOEssOeEss., OI?IU AA I?IssAEAIEss.INIIAIUA OEIU NIA?AIAIIIE
EIOEssOeEE
Eioeyoeey - e?eceniia ninoiyiea aeaiaaeiie nenoaiu, iaoneiaeaiiia
aeeni?iii?oeeiiaeueiinoueth ?acaeoey iauanoaaiiiai i?iecaiaenoaa,
i?iyaeythuaany, i?aaeaea anaai a iauai e ia?aaiiia?iii ?inoa oeai ia
oiaa?u e oneoae, /oi aaaeao e ia?a?ani?aaeaeaieth iaoeeiiaeueiiai
aeioiaea a iieueco ii?aaeaeaiiuo nioeeaeueiuo a?oii. OI?IU I?IssAEAIEss.
1. ia?aaiiia? i ue ?ino oeai ia oiaa?u e oneoae, /oi i?eaiaeeo e
iaanoeaieaaieth aeaiaa, nieaeaieth eo iieoiaoaeueiie niiniaiinoe.
2. iiieaeaiea eo?na iaoeeiiaeueiie aeaiaaeiie aaeeieoeu ii
ioiioaieth e eiino?aiiui.
3. oaaee/aiea oeaiu cieioa, au?aaeaiiie a iaoeeiiaeueiie aeaiaaeiie
aaeeieoea.
I?e?iaea aicieeiiaaiey - ianiioaaonoaea iaaeaeo ia?auaieai oiaa?iie e
aeaiaaeiie iannu, ii?iaeaeaaiia /aua anaai auioneii a ia?auaiea
ecauoi/iuo iaee/iuo e aaciaee/iuo aeaiaa, ia iaania/aiiuo oiaa?aie. A
iaeioi?uo neo/ayo i?eiaiyaony niaoeeaeueiue oa?iei eioeyoeeiiiay
yeiiiieea, /oiau iiae/a?eiooue iiiaia?aiiinoue eioeyoeeiiiiai
aicaeaenoaey ia ?acee/iua noi?iiu e noa?u ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa e
naiiiiaeaea?aeeaathueeny oa?aeoa? eioeyoeeiiiuo i?ioeannia.
AIAOIEA I?E*EIU: ?ino oeai ia ie?iaii ?uiea ia oiieeai e aeaai?iaeiua
iaoaeeu, iaaeaaii?eyoiay eiiu th ieoo?a ia ca?iiaii ?uiea a oneiaeyo
cia/eoaeueiiai eiii?oa ca?iiauo.
AIOO?AIIEA I?E*EIU: aeaoi?iaoeey ia?iaeiioicyenoaaiiie no?oeoo?u,
aeaoeoeeo athaeaeaoa, yienney e oaaee/aiea nei?i n oe ia?auaiey
aeaiaa.
OEIU EIOEssOeEE:
1)."eioeyoeey iieoiaoaeae" (eioeyoeey ni?ina) Ecauoi/iue ni?in i?eaiaeeo
e aceaoo oeai.
2)."eioeyoeey i?iaeaaoeia" (eioeyoeey i?aaeeiaeaiey, eioeyoeey
ecaea?aeae. A yoii neo/aa iaoaieci eioeyoeee ia/eiaao ?ane?o/eaaoueny a
neeo oiai, /oi ?anooo ecaea?aeee (a neeo iiauoaiey ca?aaioeia,
oaei?iaeaiey nu?uey e oiieeaa e ae?.).
A ?aaeueiii ie?a neooaoeey ai?acaei neiaeiaa, e ?acaeaeeoue aeaa aeaea
eioeyoeee aanueia neiaeii. Eioeyoeey ni?ina i?iaeieaeaaony aei oao ii?,
iiea nouanoaotho /?acia?iua iauea ?anoiaeu, a eioeyoeey ecaea?aeae naia
naay ia?aie/eaaao: ec-ca oiaiueoaiey i?aaeeiaeaiey ?aaeueiue iauai
iaoeeiiaeueiiai i?iaeoeoa e caiyoinoe nie?auaaony, e yoi ia?aie/eaaao
aeaeueiaeoaa oaaee/aiea ecaea?aeae.
AEAeU EIO E ssOeEE.
1. Iieco/ay eioeyoeey , aeey eioi?ie oa?aeoa?iu ioiineoaeueii iaaunieea
oaiiu ?inoa oeai, i?eia?ii aei aeanyoe eee ianeieueei aieaa i?ioeaioia a
aiae. Oaeiai ?iaea eioeyoeey i?enoua aieueoeinoao no?ai n ?acaeoie
?uii/iie yeiiiieeie. E iia ia i?aaenoaaeyaony /ai-oi iaiau/iui. N?aaeiee
o?iaaiue eioeyoeee ii no?aiai Aa?iiaeneiai niiauanoaa ninoaaee ca
iineaaeiea aiaeu ieiei 3 - 3.5%.
2.Aieiie?othuay eioeyoeey a ioee/ea io iieco/ae noaiiaeony
o?oaeiioi?aaeyaiie. Oaii aa ?inoa au?aaeaaony, eae i?aaeei,
aeaocia/iuie oeeo?aie (aei 100% a aiae).
3. Aeia?eioeyoeey - aaeaaiaeiue oaii i?e?inoa oeai nauoa 100%.
Iniaaiiinoue aeia?eioeyoeee a oii, /oi iia ieacuaaaony i?aeoe/anee
iaoi?aaeyaiie; iau/iua ooieoeeiiaeueiua acaeiinayce e i?eau/iua ?u/aae
oi?aaeaiey oeaiaie ia aeaenoaotho. Ia iieioth iiuiinoue ?aaioaao
ia/aoiue noaiie, ?acaeaaaony iaaa?iyoiay niaeoeyoeey. I?iecaiaenoai
aeaci?aaiecoaony. *oiau inoaiiaeoue eee i?eoi?iiceoue aeia?eioeyoeeth,
i?eoiaeeony i?eaaaaoue e /?acau/aeiui ia?ai. Ii iaeiicia/iuo iaoiaeia
ai?ueau n aeia?eioeyoeeae iao.
nieaeathony ?aa e ueiua aeioiae u (eiee/anoai oiaa?ia e oneoa, eioi?ua
iiaeii eoieoue ia noiio iiieiaeueiiai aeioiaea).
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea iaoeeiiaeueiiai aeioiaea a oua?a iaeiaiaa
iaania/aiiuo neiaa;
iniaaiii no?aaeatho io eioeyoeee ethaee, aeeaouea ia oeene?iaaiiua
aeioiaeu: iainee, ca?ieaoa ainneoaeaueo, iiniaey. Aeey eo caueou
iaiaoiaeeia nenoaia eiaeaenaoeee iiniaee; ethaee, aeeaouea ia
iaoeene?iaaiiua aeioiaeu iiaoo e auea?aoue io eioeyoeee;
iaanoeaieaaiea naa?aaeaiee.
iai?aaeaeaeaiiay eioeyoeey i?eiineo auaiaeo aeaaeoi?ai ca n/ao
e?aaeeoi?ia. Iieo/aoaeue nnoaeu aa?ao a aeiea aei?iaea ?oaee, a
aica?auaao - aeaoaaua.
iineaaenoaey eioeyoeee a noa?a ?ani?aaeaeaiey auee au ia oaeeie
oyaeaeuie, anee au ethaee iiaee i?aaeaeaeaoue eioeyoeeth e eiaee au
aiciiaeiinoue ei??aeoe?iaaoue naie iiieiaeueiua aeioiaeu.
Aioeeioeyoeeiiiay iieeoeea - eiiieaen ia? ii ainoaea?noaaiiiio
?aaoee?iaaieth yeiiiieee, iai?aaeaiiuo ia ai?ueao n eioeyoeeae.
Aeaa iooe:
1. Aeaoeyoeeiiiay iieeoeea - iai?aaeaia ia nie?auaiea athaeaeaoiiai
aeaoeoeeoa,
ia?aie/aiea e?aaeeoiie yeniainee, naea?aeeaaiea aeaiaaeiie y iennee. A
niioaaonoaee n iiiaoa?enoneeie ?aoeaioaie i?eiaiyaony oa?aaoe?iaaiea
- ?aaoee?iaaiea oaiia i?e?inoa aeaiaaeiie iannu a ii?aaeaeaiiuo
i?aaeaeao a niioaaonoaee n oaiiii ?inoa AII.
Eiiae?aoueaa au/eaiee 2.5 aieueoeo oeeeea ca 140 eao oicyenoaaiiie
enoi?ee:
1) n 1787-1792 ii 1810-1817 aa. - iiauoaoaeueiay aieia; n 1810-1817 ii
1844-1851 aa. - iiieaeaoaeueiay aieia;
2) n 1844-1851 ii 1870-1875 aa. - iiauoaoaeueiay aieia; n 1870-1875 ii
1890-1896 aa. - iiieaeaoaeueiay aieia;
3) n 1890-1896 ii 1914-1920 aa. - iiauoaoaeueiay aieia; n 1920 aei 40-o
aa. - iiieaeaoaeueiay aieia;
4) n eiioea 40-o aei ia/aea 70-o aa. - iiauoaoaeueiay aieia; n 70-o aa.
- ana 80-a aiaeu - iiieaeaoaeueiay aieia.
Yeiiiie/aneie iniiaie aeeeiiuo aiei yaeyaony oae iacuaaaiue
oaoiieiae/aneee oeeee, eioi?ue oa?aeoa?ecoaony oai, /oi a oa/aiea
i?eaeeceoaeueii aeaoo aeanyoeeaoee ia?aae ia/aeii iiauoaoaeueiie oacu
iaaethaeaaony iaeeaeaiea a noa?a oaoie/aneeo ecia?aoaiee, a caoai a
aiaeu oicyenoaaiiiai iiaeuaia eo oe?ieia i?eiaiaiea.
3.Nia?aiaiiue oeeee ?acaeoey oa?aeoa?ecoaony oai, /oi e?iia iau/iuo
oeeeee/aneeo e?ecenia iauaai ia?ai?iecaiaenoaa nouanoaotho oae
iacuaaaiua no?oeoo?iua e?ecenu, eioi?ua ia oeeaaeuaathony a ?aiee
iaeiiai aini?iecaiaenoaaiiiai oeeeea. No?oeoo?iue e?ecen ii?aaeaao ni?in
ia i?iaeoeoeeth, eioi?ue ?anoao iaaeeaiiaa, /ai yeiiiieea a oeaeii, a
eiiaaea e aaniethoii nie?auaaony. E oaeei io?aneyi ioiinyony: /a?iay e
oeaaoiay iaoaeeo?aey; oaieueiay i?iiuoeaiiinoue.
E no?oeoo?iui e?ecenai ioiinyony: yia?aaoe/aneee e?ecen; nu?ueaaie
e?ecen.
60. O?IAAIUe AEECIE IANAEAIEss E AAI IIEaCAOAeE.
Iiiyoea OAE oa?aeoa?ecoao eiee/anoaaiioth ia?o aeaaininoiyiey ethaeae e
/aua anaai oa?aeoa?ecoaony eiee/anoaaiiuie e /eneiauie iieacaoaeyie.
Iniiaiua ecia?eoaee o?iaiy aeecie:
N o ?o eoo?a e o? iaaiue ii o? a a eaiey iniiaiuo aeaeia aeaa e oneoa
a iaoo?aeueii i au?aaeaiee a ?an/aoa ia 1 /ae. eee 1 naiuee ec 4
/ae.aaiae;
ia?a i a ania/aiiinoe /aeiaaea e naiuee iio ? aaeoaeueneeie aeaaaie:
iieacaoa e e ai ae i a iai iio?aaeaiey ieue, iaeaaeaeu , iaoae ,
iaania/aiiinoe ae eeie ieiuaaeueth, iaaaeueth, oiaa?aie aeeeoaeueiiai
ii e ueciaaiey, i?aaeiaoaie eoeueoo?ii-auoiaiai iacia/aiey e
oicyenoaaiiiai iaeoiaea,
iaania/aiiinoue ianaeaiey o eieaie, ae/n, a?a/aaiui ianeoaeeaaieai,
ia?eeiao., aaiyie, noieiauie.
* oiau iiiyoue, ianeieueei oaeie o?iaaiue niioaaonoaoao iio?aaiinoyi eth
ae ae, aai n?aaieaa th o n ii?iaoeaaie iio?aaeaiey, au?aaioaiiuie n
o/aoii ?aeiiaiaeaoeee iaoee i ieoaiee. E /eneo oiio?aaeyaiuo iieacaoaeae
o?iaiy aeecie ioiinyo - aeaiaaeiua aeioiaeu ianaeaiey, a ?an/aoa ia 1
/ae eee naiueth. A aaeii /oiau iany/iue aeioiae i?aauoae i?iaeeoi/iue
ie ieioi (iio?aaeoaeueneay e i ?ceia). I?iaeeoi/iue ieieioi
nouanoaaiii caaeneo io oeai, iiyoiio a oneiaeyo ei o eyoeee ii
iai?a?uaii iaiyaony. E th aee eioi?ua oiio?aaey th o ieaea
i?aaeoniio?aiiiai i?iae. ieieioia aeeaoo ca /a?oie aaaeiinoe. - ia u
anoaaiiua o iiaeu iio?aaea i ey (aeaaa e oneoae i?aaei noaaeyaiua
ainoaea?noaii ianaeaie th aanieaoii eee ca ia?aie/aiioth i e aoo). -
eiouanoaaiiua e aeaiaaeiua iaeiieaiey. - n?aaeiyy i?iaeieaeeoaeueiinoue
aeecie, aeaoneay e ia u ay nia?oiinoue, o?iaaiue caaieaaaaiinoe. -
eie-ai naiaiaeiiai a?aiaie. Anee noaeeoue ia o?iaia aeecie ethaeae ii
eo oaeouaio iio?aaeaie th , oi naiia nouanoaaiiia aeeyiea ea?a th o
aeioiaeu e oeaiu.
61. No?oeoo?a aeioiaeia e ?anoiaeia ianaeaiey. Aeeooa?aioeeaoeey
ianaeaiey ii o?iaith aeioiaeia.
Iio?aaeoaeueneee athaeaeao(IA) - oaaeeoea, a eioi?ie niiinoaaeythony
aeaiaaeiua aeioiaeu e ?anoiaeu /aeiaaea eee naiuee. ?aaeueiua athaeaeaou
no?iyony ia iniiaa ii?ina, eco/aiey aiaeeca, noaoenoeee aeioiaeia e
iio?aaeaiey ioaeaeueiuo, iaeaieaa i?aaenoaaeoaeueiuo a?oii ianaeaiey.
?aoeeiiaeueiue IA - oai?aoe/aneee A, iino?iai enoiaey ec ?aoeeiiaeueiuo
ii?i iio?aaeaiey iaoa?eaeueiuo e aeooiaiuo aeaa, oneoa a ii?aaeaeaiiii
oeaeaniia?aciii iaai?a.
?anoiaeu: i?iaeoeou ieoaiey, iaeaaeaea e iaoaue, iaaaeue, i?aaeiaou
eoeueoo?ii-auoiaiai iacia/aiey e oicyenoaaiiiai iaeoiaea, eaa?oieaoa e
auoiaua oneoae, eoeueoo?iua ioaeaeu, oaaa/iua e aeii-aiaei/iua ecaeaeey,
o?ainii?o, oieaoa iaeiaia, a oaeaea ia?aciaaiea naa?aaeaiee. Ia?yaeo n
aaeainii aeioiaeia e ?anoiaeia ia ia?ac e o?iaaiue aeecie aeeytho
caaeneiinoue iaaeaeo aeioiaeaie e iio?aaeaieai e aeeooa?aioeeaoeey
aeioiaeia. Niaeanii caeiio Yiaaey i?e ?inoa aeioiaeia iio?aaeaiea
niauaaony a iaeanoue aieaa aei?iaeo e oeaiiuo oiaa?ia.
Acaeiinaycue iaaeaeo o?iaiai iio?aaeaiey e aaee/eiie aeioiaea iac.
ooieoeeae iio?aaeaiey.
Iau/ii naycue i. iio?aaeaieai e aeioiaeaie aeecea e eeiaeiie. Anee au
naiuee o?aoeee ana naie aeioiaeu ia iio?aaeaiea, oi ooieoeey iio?aaeaiey
eiaea au aeae i?yiie, ?aniieiaeaiiie iiae oaeii 45 a?aae e inyi
eii?aeeiao. Ii ia ana aeioiaeu o?aoyony ia oaeouaa iio?aaeaiea, /anoue
ec ieo ioeeaaeuaaaony ia iaeiieaiea e i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ?anoiaeu
aoaeoueo ia?eiaeia.
I?yiay eiaao aeae: Y = k * X (X - aeioiaeu,Y - iio?aaeaiea). k < 1. k -
oa?aeoa?ecoao neeiiiinoue e iio?aaeaieth.
Aeaiaaeiua aeioiaeu ?ani?aaeaeythony ia ?aaiiia?ii iaaeaeo ethaeueie,
o.a. eiaao ianoi aeeooa?aioeeaoeey aeioiaeia. Noaiaiue ia?aaainoaa
onoaiaaeeaaaony iooai niiinoaaeaiey aaee/eiu aeaiaaeiuo aeioiaeia,
iieo/aaiuo 10% a?oiiie ethaeae n naiuie ieceeie aeioiaeaie e n naiuie
aunieeie. Aieaa ianoiyoaeueiue iiaeoiae e ioeaiea noaiaie
ia?aaiiia?iinoe ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeioiaeia caeeth/aaony a iino?iaiee
e?eaie ?ani?aaeaeaiey aeioiaeia(e?eaay Ei?aioea). X - i?ioeaio aeioiaea,
Y - i?ioeaio ianaeaiey. Ec a?aoeea aeaeii: 60% ianaeaiey iieo/atho 40%
iauaai aeioiaea. Anee au aeioiaeu anao naiae auee iaeeiaeiau, oi yoi
auea au i?yiay iiae oaeii 45 a?aae.
62.Aac?aaioeoea, aa i?e/eiu e oi?iu, iaoiaeu i?aiaeieaiey.
Aac?aaioeoea - nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneia yaeaiea, i?e eioi?ii /anoue
aeoeaiiai ianaeaiey ia iiaeao i?eeiaeeoue naith ?aai/oth neeo.
Aac?aaioiui a ?inneeneie Oaaea?aoeee i?eciathony a?aaeaeaia, eioi?ua ia
eiatho ?aaiou e ca?aaioea ca?aaeno?e?iaaiu a neoaeaa caiyoinoe a oeaeyo
iiaeoiaeyuae ?aaiou e aioiau i?enooieoue e iae.
Ii?iaeaeaaony aac?aaioeoea a oneiaeyo ?uii/iie yeiiiieee iiae aeaenoaeai
eiieo?aioeee ia ?uiea o?oaea, oneeeaaaony a ia?eiae yeiiiie/aneeo
e?ecenia e iineaaeothuaai ?aceiai nie?auaiey ni?ina ia ?aai/oth neeo.
?acee/atho o?e aeaea aac?aaioeoeu: o?eeoeeiiioth, no?oeoo?ioth,
oeeeee/aneoth. O?eeoeeiiiay aac?aaioeoea nouanoaiaaea anaaaea, oae eae
naycaia n ia?aiaiie ianoa ?aaiou, e a?aaeaeaia a iieneao eo/oae ?aaiou
eaeoo ia yoi aeia?iaieueii.
No?oeoo?iay aac?aaioeoea naycaia n eciaiaieai no?oeoo?u i?iecaiaenoaa e,
eae ?acoeueoao, ianiaiaaeaieai i?aaeeiaeaiey ?aai/ae neeu e ni?ina ia
iaa.
Oeeeee/aneay aac?aaioeoea aicieeaao a ii?aaeaeaiiua iiiaiou a aeecie
iauanoaa: ai a?aiy niaaea i?iecaiaenoaa, aeai?annee e o. ae., eiaaea
ni?in ia ?aai/oth neeo i/aiue iecie.
6. Oe?ieay eioi?iaoeey ianaeaiey i aiciiaeiinoe o?oaeiono?ienoaa,
i?iaaaeaiea y?ia?ie aaeainee, aeiae ioe?uouo aeaa?ae e o.ae.
63.Ainoaea?noaaiiay iieeoeea ii nioeeaeueiie caueoa aac?aaioiuo.
A Caeiia ?O I caiyoinoe ianaeaiey a ?O ii?aaeaeaia iieeoeea ainoae-aa a
iaeanoe caiyoinoe ianaeaiey, i?aaa a?aaeaeai a iaeanoe caiyoinoe, a
oaeaea aii?inu ?aaoee?iaaiey, i?aaiecaoeee caiyoinoe e nicaeaiey
ainoaea?noaaiiie neoaeau caiyoinoe ianaeaiey.
Caeii ii?aaeaeyao i?aaiecaoeeiiiua, i?aaiaua e nioe.-yeiiiie/aneea
aa?aioee ?aaeecaoeee i?aa /aeiaaea ia iieo/aiea ?aaiou a oneiaeyo
?uii/iie yeiiiieee, ?aaiii?aaey oi?i nianoaaiiinoe. Ii nicaeaao oneiaey,
iaania/eaathuea caiyoinoue ianaeaiey n o/aoii ii?i Eiinoeoooeee ?innee e
iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai i?aaa. A iaaeaeoia?iaeioth i?aaiecaoeeth o?oaea iaoa
no?aia anooieea a 1954a. IIO inouanoaeyao Anaie?ioth i?ia?aiio
caiyoinoe, a niioaaonoaee n eioi?ie ieacuaaao no?aiai ie?a i?aeoe/aneoth
iiiiuue a auai?a iieeoeee, i?ecaaiiie i?eaanoe e nicaeaieth aieueoaai
/enea iano a i?iiuoeaiiinoe, a nae/oic., ia iauanoaaiiuo ?aaioao e a
ae?oaeo naeoi?ao, a oaeaea a auai?a oaoiieiaee e i?ia?aii iiaeaioiaee,
eioi?ua aoaeoo iieiinoueth eniieueciaaoue o?oaeiaua ?ano?nu a oeaeyo
yeiiiie/aneiai e nioeeaeueiiai i?ia?anna.
Aeey niaeaenoaey caiyoinoe ianaeaiey, oaeiaeaoai?aiey iio?aaiinoe
a?aaeaeai a ?aaioa, i?aaeioa?auaiey aac?aaioeoeu e nioeeaeueiie caueou
io aa iineaaenoaee ia ?anioaeeeaineii e ianoiii o?iaiyo ?ac?aaioaia
Ainoaea?noaaiiay i?ia?aiia niaeaenoaey caiyoinoe. Ainoaea?noaaiiua
?anioaeeeaineay e ?aaeiiaeueiay i?ia?aiiu caiyoinoe i?aaeoniao?eaatho:
1.Oaaee/aiea /enea ?aai/eo iano, iiauoaiea yeiiiie/aneie
caeioa?aniaaiiinoe i?aaei?eyoee, o/?aaeaeaiee a i?iaeoeoeaiuo e aeaeeo
oi?iao caiyoinoe ianaeaiey;
2. Ia?u niaeaenoaey caiyoinoe ianaeaiey a naeueneie ianoiinoe;
3.Iaania/aiea caiyoinoe ioaeaeathueony a nioeeaeueiie caueoa a?aaeaeai
iaineiiiiai aic?anoa;
4. Niaa?oainoaiaaiea nenoaiu aini?iecaiaenoaa ?aai/ae neeu a oaycea n
?acaeoeai ?aai/eo iano, iiaeaioiaeie e ia?aiiaeaioiaeie, iiauoaieai
eaaeeoeeaoeee, i?ioanneiiaeueiie ia?ai?eaioaoeeae ianaeaiey, iiauoaieai
yooaeoeaiinoe eniieueciaaiey o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia;
5. Nicaeaiea oneiaee aeey iai?aaeaiey aunaiaiaeaeaaiuo ?aaioieeia a
ia?aoth i/a?aaeue a ?acaeaathueany io?anee ia?iaeiiai oicyenoaa;
6. Niaa?oainoaiaaiea i?aaiecaoe-e no?oeoo?u ainoae-e neoaeau caiyoinoe,
oi?ie?iaaiea aa iaoa?eaeueiie, eaae?iaie, eioi?iaoe-e, noaoenoe/-e,
oeiainiaie e iao/ii-iaoiaee/aneie aacu;
7. Niaeaenoaea aeia?iaieueiiio ia?aianaeaieth a?aaeaeai n auaeaeaieai
niioaaonoaothueo iaoa?eaeueiuo e oeiainiauo n?aaenoa.
Ainoaea?noaaiiay iieeoeea a iaeanoe caiyoinoe ianaeaiey iai?aaeaia
oaeaea ia iiiu?aiea ?aaioiaeaoaeae, nicaeathueo iiaua ?aai/ea ianoa, ia
eii?aeeiaoeeth aeayoaeueiinoe ainoaea?noaaiiuo i?aaiia caiyoinoe,
i?ioanneiiaeueiuo nithcia, annioeeaoeee i?aaei?eieiaoaeae a ?ac?aaioea,
?aaeecaoeee e eiio?iea ca auiieiaieai ia? ii iaania/aieth caiyoinoe
ianaeaiey, iaaeaeoia?iaeiia nio?oaeie/anoai a ?aoaiee i?iaeai caiyoinoe
ianaeaiey.
Aeey ?aaeecaoeee iieeoeee caiyoinoe ianaeaiey a ?O nicaeaiu neoaeaa
caiyoinoe. A ?anioaeeeao a ninoaaa ?O oaeaea nicaeaiu neoaeau caiyoinoe
ianaeaiey: a e?ayo, iaeanoyo, aaoiiiiiuo ie?oaao, ai?iaeao. Nouanoaotho
e eiiia?/aneea ath?i, aaaionoaa, ieacuaathuea ieaoiua oneoae a
o?oaeiono?ienoaa a?aaeaeai ca ?oaaaeii, aeiioneaaony oieueei ii
eeoeaiceyi. Eeoeaicee auaeathony i?e iaee/ee na?oeoeeaoa, iieo/aiiiai io
Oaaea?aeueiie ainoae-e neoaeau caiyoinoe. A iaycaiiinoe neoaeau
caiyoinoe aoiaeyo: aiaeec e i?iaiice?iaaiea ni?ina e i?aaeeiaeaiey ia
?aai/oth neeo; eioi?iaoeey i ninoiyiee ?uiea o?oaea; o/ao naiaiaeiuo
iano, ?aaeno?aoeey aac?aaioiuo; auieaoa iiniaee e o ae.
64.Nouiinoue e iniiaiua /a?ou anaie?iiai oicyenoaa.
Iniiaae Aaea?ooaei. Aeaeeo ie? ia o?e oeaio?a: ie?iaua yae?a,
ia?eoa?eeiua no?aiu, iieoia?eoa?eeiua no?aiu. Nouanoaoao caaeneiinoue a
eo ?acaeoee ae?oa io ae?oaa e io oeaio?a.
A iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey aicieeea oai?ey, naycaiiay n aeaeaeaieai
eaieoaea, eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeeae oicyenoaa ?acaeouo no?ai. I?ioeainoieo
anai ae?oaei eiioeaioeeyi. Acaeiiioiioaiey ia io a caaeneiinoe, a io
acaeiicaaeneiinoe e ia?oia?noaa.
65. Oi?iu e oaiaeaioeee iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiua yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey (IYI) - nenoaia oicyenoaaiiuo
naycae iaaeaeo iaoeeiiaeueiuie yeiiiieeaie ioaeaeueiuo no?ai,
niioaaonoaothueie noauaeoaie oicyenoaiaaiey. IYI - iniaay noa?a
aeayoaeueiinoe, iniiaaiiay ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ?acaeaeaiee o?oaea. IYI
iaoiaeyo i?aeoe/aneia au?aaeaiea a iaiaia iaaeaeo no?aiaie,
i?aaenoaaeythueie eo i?aaei?eyoeyie, oe?iaie e i?aaiecaoeeyie
i?iaeoeoeeae (oiaa?aie e oneoaaie) iaaeaeoia?iaeiie oi?aiaea,
iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo, i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo, eiaanoeoeeiiiuo,
aaethoii-oeiainiauo e e?aaeeoiuo, eioi?iaoeeiiiuo eioa?iaoeeiiaeueiuo
naycyo, ia?aiauaiee iaaeaeo ieie o?oaeiauo ?ano?nia. IYI iauaeoeaii
auoaeatho ec i?ioeanna ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea, iaaeaeoia?iaeiie
niaoeeaeecaoeee i?iecaiaenoaa e iaoee, eioa?iaoeeiiaeecaoeee
oicyenoaaiiie aeecie. Noaiiaeaiea e ?acaeoea IYI ii?aaeaeythony
oneeaieai acaeiinayce acaeiicaaeneiinoe yeiiiiee ioaeaeueiuo no?ai.
Oaeoaeaiea e ?acaeoea I?O, a cia/eo IYI, caaenyo io anoanoaaiiuo
(i?e?iaeiuo, aaia?aoe/aneeo, aeaiia?aoe/aneeo e o.i.) e i?eia?aoaiiuo
(i?iecaiaenoaaiiuo, oaoiieiae/aneeo) oaeoi?ia, a oaeaea nioeeaeueiuo,
iaoeeiiaeueiuo, yoie/aneeo, iieeoe/aneeo e i?aanoaaiii-i?aaiauo oneiaee.
Oeacaiiua auoa i?aeoe/aneea ninoaaiua iai?aaeaiey e oi?iu IYI
ioaaouaatho ?yae noa? ie?ioicyenoaaiiie aeayoaeueiinoe:
· iaaeaeoia?iaeiay oi?aiaey;
· iaaeaeoia?iaeiay niaoeeaeecaoeey i?iecaiaenoaa e iao/ii-oaoie/aneeo
?aaio;
· iaiai iao/ii-oaoie/aneeie ?acoeueoaoaie;
· eioi?iaoeeiiiua, aaethoii-oeiainiaua e e?aaeeoiua nayce iaaeaeo
no?aiaie;
Aunieoth yooaeoeaiinoue a ?acaeoee yeiiiieee eiatho iaaieueoea ciiu
yenii?oiiai i?iecaiaenoaa e oaiiaeaiiua ciiu, iaeaaeathuea auaiaeiuie
yeiiiieei-aaia?aoe/aneeie oneiaeyie. A oaeeo ciiao i?aaeinoaaeythony
eueaiou aeey aaaeaiey oicyenoaa eiino?aiiui e ioa/anoaaiiui
i?aaei?eieiaoaeyi, nicaeaaony iaiaoiaeeiay i?iecaiaenoaaiiay e
nioeeaeueiay eio?ano?oeoo?a, niioaaonoaothuay ie?iaui noaiaea?oai. Ciiu
yoiai aeaea nicaeathony, eae i?aaeei, a iaiin?aaenoaaiiie aeecinoe io
e?oiiuo iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo ii?neeo ii?oia, ay?iii?oia, aeaeaciiaei?iaeiuo
oceia. Oaeea ciiu ia o?aaotho e?oiiuo oeiainiauo e iaoa?eaeueiuo
?ano?nia. Iie niinianoaotho iiauoaieth yooaeoeaiinoe aiaoieo
yeiiiie/aneeo naycae.
E?oiiua NYC aaeaeo cia/eoaeueiinoe eo oa??eoi?ee o?aaotho eiioeaio?aoeee
aieueoiai iauaia n?aaenoa, iaiaoiaeeiuo aeey nicaeaiey oai
niioaaonoaothuae eio?ano?oeoo?u. Iiyoiio ?aaeueiay ioaea/a
eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee a oaeea ciiu iiaeao eiaoue ianoi /a?ac
i?iaeieaeeoaeueiia a?aiy. A ia/aea 70-o aiaeia NYC nouanoaiaaee oaea a
10 no?aiao. A ia/aea 90-o aiaeia NYC nouanoaiaaee i?eia?ii a 70 no?aiao,
a iauaa /enei eo ninoaaeei i?eia?ii 600 cii. Oi?aiaue iai?io NYC aanueia
cia/eoaeai e ioaaoee ieiei 8 i?ioeaioia iauaia ie?iaie oi?aiaee.
Iaaeinoaoie i?eiaiyaiie a ?innee no?aoaaee oi?ie?iaaiey naiaiaeiuo cii
caeeth/aaony a no?aieaiee e ?anoe?aieth eo oa??eoi?ee, /oi aaaeao e
nieaeaieth yooaeoeaiinoe ?aoaiey caaea/.
67.Iaaeaeoia?iaeiia aeaeaeaiea eaieoaeia.
Nooue auaica eaieoaea caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi ca ?oaaae ia?aiineony oaea
ia aeo ?aaeecaoeee i?eauee, caeeth/aiiie a oeaia yenii?oe?oaiuo oiaa?ia,
a nai i?ioeann aa nicaeaiey. Yoi i?aaeii?aaeaeyao yeiiiie/aneee eioa?an
noi?iiu, auaicyuae eaieoae, /oi, iaeiaei, ni/aoaaony n
caeioa?aniaaiiinoueth i?eieiathuae noi?iiu a i?eaea/aiee eiino?aiiiai
eaieoaea. A iineaaeiea aiaeu iaaethaeaaony cia/eoaeueiue ?ino auaica
eaieoaea. Yoi iauyniyaony ?yaeii i?e/ei.
1.Onei?aiea yeiiiie/aneiai ?inoa e iao/ii - oaoie/aneiai i?ia?anna
o?aaotho aeey naiae ?aaeecaoeee ana iiauo eaieoaeiaeiaeaiee. 2.Ia?aiin
i?iecaiaenoaa o?oaeiaieie i?iaeoeoeee a ?acaeaathueany no?aiu iicaieyao
noaeaoue ecaea?aeee i?iecaiaenoaa ca n/ao aieaa aeaoaaie ?aai/ae neeu.
3.Aeiaeaiea eaieoaea a aeiauaathuea io?anee ca ?oaaaeii iaania/eaaao
iinoiyiiua enoi/ieee nu?uey.
4.Aeiaeaiea eaieoaea a ia?aaaouaathuoth i?iiuoeaiiinoue ?acaeouo no?ai
iicaieyao i?aiaeieaaaoue oaiiaeaiiua aa?uea?u, noiyuea ia iooe
?anoe?aiey yenii?oa.
5.Iaaeinoaoie eaieoaea a i?eieiathueo no?aiao a oeaeii eee a ioaeaeueiuo
naeoi?ao, io?aneyo, eio?ano?oeoo?a i?e iaee/ee ae?oaeo aeaaii?eyoiuo
oaeoi?ia.
Iaaeaeoia?iaeiay oi?aiaey ?anoao e ?acaeaaaony a nayce n auaiaeiinoueth
e oeaeaniia?aciinoueth iaaeaeoia?iaeiiai ?acaeaeaiey o?oaea (I?O). I?O -
yoi nin?aaeioi/aiea i?iecaiaenoaa ii?aaeaeaiiuo i?iaeoeoia a yeiiiieea
ioaeaeueiuo no?ai n oeaeueth iineaaeothuae auaiaeiie i?iaeaaee ia
ie?iaii ?uiea e oaeiaeaoai?aiey oai naiui iio?aaiinoae ae?oaeo no?ai, a
eioi?uo nouanoaoao ni?in ia yoio i?iaeoeo.
?acee/ey a ioiineoaeueiie yooaeoeaiinoe i?e i?iecaiaenoaa ?aciuo oiaa?ia
a ioaeaeueiuo no?aiao, iicaieytho ecaeaeaoue auaiaeu io niaoeeaeecaoeee
i?iecaiaenoaa ii?aaeaeaiiuo aeaeia oiaa?ia. Oi?aoy iaaeaeo niaie, no?aiu
eiatho aiciiaeiinoue iieo/eoue iin?aaenoaii eiii?oa oa oiaa?u, eioi?ua
ia i?iecaiaeyony a no?aia, i?eia?aoaoue eo i?e aieaa ieceeo aeaiaaeiuo
?anoiaeao, /ai anee au no?aia naiinoiyoaeueii i?iecaiaeeea aeaiiue aeae
i?iaeoeoeee.
Anoue ?yae no?ai, eioi?ua oi?aotho nu?ueai e ianeiaeiuie aeaeaie
i?iaeoeoeee (e oaeei a iniiaiii ioiinyony ?acaeaathueany no?aiu), /oi
oi?iiceo eo yeiiiie/aneia ?acaeoea. Iaeiaei e oaeea no?aiu ia eeoaiu
aiciiaeiinoe a oneiaeyo I?O aueoe ia ia?aaeiaua ?oaaaee, i /ai
naeaeaoaeuenoaoao iiuo Oaeaaiy Aiieiiaa, THaeiie Ei?ae.
I?iiuoeaiii ?acaeoua no?aiu iaoiaeyony a eo/oai iieiaeaiee a iaeanoe
i?iecaiaenoaa eaieoaeiaieeo e aunieioaoiieiae/aneeo oiaa?ia. Eciaiaiea
io?aneaaie no?oeoo?u, oaoiieiaee, oaoie/aneee i?ia?ann i?eaiaeyo e ?inoo
yooaeoeaiinoe i?iecaiaenoaa oiaa?ia a ?acee/iuo no?aiao. A iineaaeiea
aeanyoeeaoey i?iecioee nouanoaaiiua eciaiaiey a aaia?aoe/aneie e
io?aneaaie no?oeoo?a yenii?oa. A yenii?oa ana aieueoa oaaee/eaaaony
aeiey oneoa e i?iaeoeoeee ia?aaaouaathuae i?iiuoeaiiinoe. A
aaia?aoe/aneie no?oeoo?a yenii?oa oaaee/eaaaony aeiey acaeiiiai yenii?oa
i?iaeoeoeee i?iiuoeaiii ?acaeouo no?ai i?e iaeiia?aiaiiii nieaeaiee
aeiee ?acaeaathueony no?ai.
Aioo?aiiea oeaiu ia anaaaea niiniaiu neoaeeoue ia?eeii yeaeaaeaioiinoe
iaiaia i?e eoiea-i?iaeaaea ia ie?iaii ?uiea. Ie?iaie ?uiie, aaeaine?oy
ni?in e i?aaeeiaeaiea, oi?ie?oao naie oeaiu, iau/ii a iaeaieaa
i?eciaiiie, oaa?aei eiiaa?oe?oaiie aaethoa.
A iniiaa oi?ie?iaaiey ie?iauo oeai eaaeeo eioa?iaoeeiiaeueiay
noieiinoue. Ie?iaua oeaiu ?aaoee?othony, n iaeiie noi?iiu, oneiaeyie
i?iecaiaenoaa a no?aiao, a eioi?uo i?iecaiaeeony iniiaiay ianna oiaa?ia,
iinoaaeyaiuo ia ie?iaie ?uiie, a n ae?oaie noi?iiu, ni?inii e
i?aaeeiaeaieai oiaa?ia ia yoii ?uiea.
A nia?aiaiiuo oneiaeyo ioaeaeueiay no?aia i?aeoe/anee ia a ninoiyiee
i?iecaiaeeoue anth iaiaoiaeeioth ae i?iaeoeoeeth ia aunieii oaoie/aneii
o?iaia, o?aaoaiiai ea/anoaa.
Ai iiiaeo no?aiao 20-30 i?ioeaioia i?iecaiaeeiie i?iaeoeoeee eaeao ia
yenii?o. A ioaeaeueiuo no?aiao, eiathueo iaaeinoaoi/iua ?ano?nu, yoio
iieacaoaeue iiaeao aeinoeaaoue aua aieueoae aaee/eiu. Iai?eia?, a
Aieeaiaeee, Aaeueaee 60-70 i?ioeaioia i?iaeoeoeee yenii?oe?oaony.
Ie?iaie yenii?o au?in aieaa /ai aaeaia, oaaee/eaoenue n 2 o?eeeeiiia
aeieea?ia a 1980 aiaeo aei aieaa /ai 4 o?eeeeiiia aeieea?ia a 1994
aiaeo. Yoi icia/aao oaaee/aiea iauaia yenii?oa ia 69% ca ainueieaeanyoua
aiaeu e 23% - ?ino ca ia?aoth iieiaeio aeaayiinouo aiaeia. I/aiue aeecee
e yoei oeeo?ai e iieacaoaee eiii?oa.
Eiiieaeniay nenoaia oi?ne?iaaiey nauoa oiaa?ia ia ie?iaii ?uiea
aeeth/aao yeiiiie/aneia noeioee?iaaiea yenii?oa, aaeieieno?aoeaiua ia?u
ii aicaeaenoaeth ia auaic, a oaeaea eniieueciaaiea n?aaenoa ii?aeueiiai
iiiu?aiey yenii?oa?ia(e?aaeeoiua e oeiainiaua eino?oiaiou).
I?iaeaaea oiaa?ia ia ?uieao ae?oaeo no?ai ii aieaa ieceei oeaiai, /ai ia
aioo?aiiai ?uiea, iacuaaaony aeaiieiaii, i?e yoii oiaa?u /anoi
?aaeecothony ii oeaia ieaea ecaea?aeae i?iecaiaenoaa.
70. OI?AIAUE E IEAOAAEIUE AAEAINU NO?AIU.
Oeiainiaia iieiaeaiea no?aiu ia iaaeaeoia?iaeiii ?uiea iau/ii
ioeaieaatho ii aa ieaoaaeiiio aaeaino. Aaeain yaeyaony aaaeiui
iieacaoaeai e eino?oiaioii, iicaieythuei i?aaeaeaeaoue noaiaiue
aiciiaeiiai o/anoey no?aiu a ie?iaie oi?aiaea, a iaaeaeoia?iaeiuo
yeiiiie/aneeo naycyo, onoaiiaeoue aa ieaoaaeaniiniaiinoue. Ieaoaaeiue
aaeain - yoi aeieoiaio, oaaeeoea niioaaonoaey aiaoieo aeioiaeia e
?anoiaeia, a eioi?ie caoeene?iaaiu ana n?aaenoaa: aaethoiua iinooieaiey,
iieo/aiiua aeaiiie no?aiie io ae?oaeo ainoaea?noa, a oaeaea ana
n?aaenoaa, auiea/aiiua no?aiie ae?oaei no?aiai a oa/aiea aeaiiiai
ia?eiaea. Oaeei ia?acii, ieao. A iiaeii oa?aeoa?eciaaoue, eae aiaoia
yeiiiie/aneee eee aaethoiue athaeaeao no?aiu, en/eneaiiue a niioaaonoaee
n aa ?aaeueiuie aeioiaeaie e ?anoiaeaie, iaoneiaeaiiuie aiaoiayeii.
naycyie. Ieaoaaeiue A. ninoaaeyaony ca ii?aaeaeaiiue ia?eiae (/aua anaai
aiaeiaie e iieoaiae.) A ieao. A. aeeth/athony ana noaouee,
oa?aeoa?ecothuea iinooieaiea e ?anoiaeiaaiea aeaiaaeiuo n?aaenoa ii
eeiee aiaoyeii. naycae, eiathueo ianoi a oa/aiea aiaea, a eiaiii:
yenii?o e eiii?o oiaa?ia e oneoa; caeiu, i?aaeinoaaeaiiua ae?oaei
no?aiai eee iieo/aiiua io ieo; aeaeaeaiea cieioa; ?anoiaeu oo?enoia;
i?ioeaiou e aeeaeaeaiaeu, iieo/aiiua ec-ca a?aieoeu eee ia?aaaaeaiiua a
ae?oaea no?aiu; aeioiaeu io o?aooa e o.ae.
Ieaoaaeiue aaeain ninoieo ec o?ao ?acaeaeia: oaeouea iia?aoeee,
aeaeaeaiea eaieoaeia e aeaeaeaiea cieioa. Ninoaaiie /anoueth ?acaeaea
"oaeouea iia?aoeee" yaeyaony oi?aiaue aaeain, ii?aaeaeyaiue a aeaea
?acieoeu iaaeaeo noieiinoueth yenii?oa e eiii?oa oiaa?ia e oneoa.
Yenii?oiua oiaa?u, no?aia iieo/aao iooai eo i?iaeaaee aaethoioth
au?o/eo, a eiii?oe?oy, cao?a/eaaao aeaiaaeiua n?aaenoaa ia caeoieo.
Oi?aiaey oneoaaie aeeth/aao iieaoo caa?ai. ia?aaicie, oo?eci, eoieth e
i?iaeaaeo iaoaioia e eeoeaicee, iaaeaeoia?iaeiia no?aoiaaiea. Ii
eaaeaeie ec oeacaiiuo iiceoeee no?aia iiaeao eiaoue aeioiaeu e ?anoiaeu
a caaeneiinoe io oiai, i?iaeaao iia eee caeoiaao oneoae. Iiieii
oi?aiaiai aaeaina a ?acaeae oaeoueo iia?aoeee aeeth/athony eiino?aiiua
aeaiaaeiua ia?aaiaeu, aeaeaeaiea aeioiaeia ia nianoaaiiinoue ca
a?aieoeae, o.a. %, i?eaueue, aeeaeaeaiaeu. Aeaeaeaiea eaieoaeia
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ioaeaeueiue ?acaeae ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina, ninoiyuee
ec ia?aaiaeia oeiainiauo n?aaenoa aeey eiaanoe?iaaiey a i?aaei?eyoey,
iieoiee aeoeee ca a?aieoeae. Aua iaeia aaaeiay noaouey ie. A. no?aiu -
iieaoa % ii eiino?aiiui caeiai e e?aaeeoai. Anee no?aia aa?ao aaethoo a
aeiea io ae?oaeo ainoaea?noa, oi iia iaycaia ieaoeoue %. oiaaea eae
no?aia i?aaeinoaaeythuay e?aaeeo, iaiai?io, iieo/aao yoe % a aeaea
aeioiaea. ?inney auioaeaeaia oiea/eaaoue aaeaaiaeii % ca aaethoiua
e?aaeeou a noiia 10-15 ie?ae. aeieea?ia, /oi eiaeeony oyaeaeui a?aiaiai
ia aa ieaoaaeiue aaeain. ieao A no?aiu iacuaatho aeoeaiui, eiaaea noiia
iieo/aiiuo n?aaenoa io ae?oaeo no?ai aieueoa, /ai noiia auieao. A
i?ioeaiii neo/aa ieaoaaeiue aaeain aoaeao ianneaiui. Oeaio?aeueiua aaiee
?acee/iuo no?ai eiatho ii?aaeaeaiiia eie-ai eiino?aiiie aaethou, eioi?ua
eniieuecothony aeey au?aaieaaiey ianaaeaine?iaaiiinoe ieaoaaeiiai
aaeaina.
Oa?iei "I?eaaoecaoeey" a ia/aea 90-o i?aa?aoeeny a eeth/aaoth
yeiiiie/aneoth eaoaai?eth i?e ?aoaiee i?iaeai auaiaea ec e?ecena
yeiiiieee iinooioaeeoa?iuo no?ai. A ?innee auee aua?aiu 3 iiaeaee
i?eaaoecaoeee(iiiaieeaoo?iay, aeaiie?aoe/aneay, iaeay), i?e yoii 2 ec
ieo aieaa iiioey?iu a 1992 a., i?aaeiieaaaee ia?aoiae e aeoeeiia?iie
oi?ia nianoaaiiinoe, i?e eioi?ie a ?oeao ain-aa eii oeaio?e?iaaeanue
aieueoay /anoue aeoeee, a ca eiie?aoiuie ain. no?oeoo?aie (eae i?aaeei
oiiaeaie ain. eiouanoaa) cae?aieyeanue aiciiaeiinoue ii/oe aan
eiio?ieueiiai eniieueciaaiey yoeo aeoeee aeey nicaeaiey oieaeeiaia eee
i?iaeaaee eo o?aouee eeoeii. Ana yoi nicaeaaaei aeaaii?eyoiua oneiaey
aeey n?aueaaiey iiiaieeaoo?u ia o?iaia i?aaei?eyoee(a iia ca/anooth
iieo/aea nouanoaaiiua i?eaeeaaee a i?eia?aoaiee aeoeee) n
ainoaea?noaaiiie e oeiainiaie iiiaieeaoo?ie ("iiiaieeaoo?iay
i?eaaoecaoeey"). A aieueoeinoaa neo/aaa i?eaaoecaoeey ieacaeanue anaai
eeoue oi?iie aeey nicaeaiey aeoe. iauanoa, ne?uaathueo ei?ii?aoeaioth
nenoaio ioiioaiee nianoaaiiinoe, eiaaea ain. athaeaeao, aaiee e
aaeieieno?aoeey i?-ee oaeoe/anee noaee aac?acaeaeueiuie oicyaaaie auaoae
ain. nianoaaiiinoe. O?oaeiaie eieeaeoea anee e iieo/ae a naie ?oee
ii?aaeaeaiioth aeieth aeoeee, oi iie eeai yaeyeenue "aacaieinuie" eeai
i?ee?uaaee aani?aaea o?oaeiaiai eieeaeoeaa, eai ca oi?iie eieeaeoeaiiai
aeaaeaiey aeoeeyie ia ne?uaaeinue ?aaeueiiai yeiiiie/aneiai niaea?aeaiey
- eieeaeoeaiiai i?enaiaiey e ?anii?yaeaiey n?aaenoaaie i?iecaiaenoaa.
Iaeay i?eaaoecaoeey, aaea iniiaiay /anoue i?aaei?eyoee aeieaeia auea
i?iaeaaaoueny ii eiieo?no eee ia aoeoeeiia, ia?acoy a iniiaiii
oiaa?euanoaa n ia?aie/aiiie ioaaonoaaiiinoueth eee AI cae?. oeia.
Caeanue eaieoae ain. i?aaei?eyoee ia i?iaeaaony, a ?ani?aaeaeyaony
eneonnoaaiiui ia?acii ii oneiaiui, e?aeia caieaeaiiui oeaiai.
Caieaeaiiay oeaia aeaenoaeoaeueii iaeaa/aao o/anoea a i?ioeanna
i?eaaoecaoeee aeey oao eoi a ninoiyiee neoieoue aeoeee e iae i?aae-ee.
Aeaiie?aoe/aneay i?ea. (ia?iaeiay). Ia i?aeoeea iia auea inouanoaeaia a
iacia/eoaeueiuo ianooaaao e eeoue o?aaiaioaeueii iia i?aaeiieaaaea
i?eia?aoaiea eaaeaeui a?aaeaeaieiii ii?aaeaeaiiie aeiee ain.
nianoaaiiinoe i?e iiiiue aao/a?a, eioi?ue nicaeaaae ?aaiua noa?oiaua
aiciiaeiinoe a ?acainoaea?noaeaiee .i?eia?aoaiee ain. nianoaaiiinoe aeey
anao /eaiia iauanoaa. Yoa iiaeaeue oaeaea i?aaeiieaaaea aieaa oe?ieea
aiciiaeiinoe aeey i?eia?aoaiey i?aaei?eyoee ia aoeoeeiiao, iiaeaea?aeeo
/anoiiai aeciana. Iaeiaei a i?ioeanna aao/a?ecaoeee a ?innee i?enaiaiea
auaoeo ain. n?aaenoa i?iecaiaenoaa inouanoaeyeinue a iniiaiii oaie, o
eiai ia ?oeao auee eeeaeaeiua ?ano?nu (eiino?aiiua oaiaaua eaieoaeu,
iiaua eiiia?/. no?oeoo?u. auaoea ain. no?oeoo?u). Eoae,
ia?a?ani?aaeaeaiea i?aa nianoaaiiinoe i?eaiaeeo e iinoaiaiiiio
nin?aaeioi/aieth iaeeiai i?-aa a ?oeao /anoiiai eaieoaea, a
cia/eoaeueiie noaiaie i?aaenoaaeaiiiai ia iacaaeneiuie /anoiuie
i?aaei?eieiaoaeyie, a aaieaie e ae?oaeie oeiainiauie einoeoooaie.
76. I?AAeI?EIEIAOAEUeNOAI E AAI ?IEUe A ?ACAEOEE ?UII*IIE YEIIIIEEE.
A 18 a. yoi iiiyoea annioeee?iaaeinue n iiiyoeai "nianoaaiiee". A. Nieo
oa?aeoa?eciaae i?aaei?eieiaoaey, eae nianoaaiieea, eaeouaai ia
yeiiiie/aneee ?ene ?aaee ?aaeecaoeee eaeie-oi eiiia?/aneie eaeae e
iieo/aiey i?eauee. Ii nai ieaie?oao, i?aaiecoao i?i-ai, ?anii?yaeaaony
?acoeueoaoaie i?i-aa. Iicaeiaa, eiaaea a oic. aeecie i?ienoiaeeo
ioaeaeaiea eaieoaea-ooieoeee io eaieoaea-nianoaaiiinoe, iiiyoea
"i?aaei?" ia niaiaaeaao n iiiyoeai "nianoaaiiee" o?aeooaony ai?acaei
oe?a. Nia?aiaiiay caiaaeiay eeoa?aoo?a oaeaea ?anniao?eaaao "I" eae
yeiiiie/aneia i?aaiecaoeeiiiia oai?/anoai, naiaiaeiia i?iyaeaiea
eieoeeaoeau, iiaaoi?noaa, aioiaiinoe e ?eneo ?aaee iieo/aiey i?eauee. A
caeiia ?NON? "0 i?aaei?eyoeyo e i?aaei?. aeayoaeueiinoe" "I" o?aeooaony
eae eieoeeaoeaiay naiinoiyoaeueiay aeayo-noue a?aaeaeai e eo
iauaaeeiaiee, iai?aaeaiiay ia iieo/aiea i?eauee e inouanoaeyaiay ia eo
?ene e iiae eo eiouanoaaiioth ioaaonoaaiiinoue. ?acaeoea
i?aaei?eieiaoaeuenoaa i?aaeiieaaaao iaee/ea ?yaea oneiaee:
1.i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneia oic-ai icia/aao iaee/ea noauaeoa ii?aaeaeaiiie
niaieoiiinoe naiaiae e i?aa ii auai?o aeaea oic-ie aeayoaeueiinoe, ii
o i?ie?iaaieth i?ieca-ie i?ia?aiiu, ii auai?o enoi/ieea o
eiaine?iaaiey, aeinooio e ?ano?nai, ii nauoo i?iaeoe oe ee, onoaiiaeaie
e ia iaa oeai, ?aii?yaeaie th i?eaueueth.
2. I?aaei?-noai icia/aao iaee/ea i?aa nianoaaiiinoe ia n?aaenoaa
i?iecaiaenoaa, i?iecaaaeaiiue i?iaeoeo e aeioiae.
3.Iaiaoiaeeiu: ii?aaeaeaiiay yeiiiie/aneay n?aaea e
nioeeaeueii-iieeoe/aneee eeeiao, eioi?ua au ?aaeueii iaania/eaaee, a ia
i?inoi aeaeea?e?iaaee naiioi?aaeaiea, naiaiaeo oicyenoaaiiiai auai?a,
aiciiaeiinoue eiaanoe?iaaiey aeioiaea. Aiai?y o e?a -iaiaoiaeei ?uii/ii
eiieo?aioiue ?aaeei oicyenoaiaaiey.
4. Naiaiaeiia i ? aaei?eieiaoaeuenoai i?aaeiieaaaao iiiaiia?acea oi?i,
a eaeia e oeiia nianoaaiiinoe, a n e aaeiaaoaeueii e i?enaiaiey ( E
ieeaeoeaiay, ainoaea?noaaiiay, eiaeeaeaeoaeueii-/anoiay,
/anoii-ei?ii?aoeaiay).
Ana yoi auioaeeei i?aaeoaeuenoai i?eaaaiooue, e ?aoi?iai n 1985a. -
ia?ano?ieea, /oi yaeyeinue ioeai/iui eo?nii ?aoi?ie?iaaiey yeiiiieee. A
ia/aea 90o - iaiineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue ?aoi?i aaeaeo e?aeiaai
nii?ioeaeaiey eiina?aaoeaiuo nee, e?aeia ia?aie/aiiua eiino?aiiua
eiaanoeoeeiiiua ?ano?nu. ?inney inoaaony no?aiie aunieiai
eiaanoeoeeiiiiai ?enea, caieiay 90 ianoi n?aaee 169 no?ai ie?a. E?ecen
ia?ao. yeii. anoue e?ecen eae oaca oeeeea, oi e auoiae ec e?eceniie
neooaoeee i?aaeiieaaaao iaeiia?aiaiiia ?aoaiea ii?iaeaeaiiuo yoeie
ianoiyoaeuenoaaie i?iaeai: i?aia?aciaaiea oi?i nianoaaiiinoe e
noaiiaeaiea ?uii/iuo no?oeoo?, inouanoaeaiea no?oeoo?iie ia?ano?ieee a
ni/aoaiee n oaoieei-oaoiieiae/aneei iaiiaeaieai anaai aeaenoaothuaai
i?iecaiaenoaa - n ae?oaie. "Auoaneeaaoue" iaoe. yeiiiieeo ec e?ecena
i?eaeaony anai iioaioeeaeueiui eiaanoi?ai, ainoaea?noaaiiui e /anoiui.
78. OEIAINIAUE EAIEOAE. OEIAINIAAss IEEAA?OEss E OI?IU AA AINIIAeNOAA.
Oei. e. - yoi iiiiiieenoe/aneee i?ii. Eaieoae, neiaeeaoeeny n iiiiiii.
aaieianeei eaieoaeii. Ia?niieoeoee?iaaiiui iineoaeai O.e. aunooiaao
oeiainiaay ieeaa?oey. I?ii. e. - eaieoae, aaaine?iaaiiue aeey
i?iecaiaenoaa i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe e ooieoeeiie?othuee a noa?a
iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa(a i?ii-noe, n/o, no?-aa, ia o?ainii?oa).
Iaoiaeeony a iinoiyiiii aeaeaeaiee, i?ioiaeeo 2 noaaeee a 3-o
ooieoeeiiaeueiuo oi?iao: aeaiaaeiie, i?iecaiaeeoaeueiie,
oiaa?iie(e?oaiiai?io eaieoaea). Aeaeaa, n ?acaeoeai eaieoaeecia, io I.e.
iainiaeyaony oi?aiaue e nnoaeiue eaieoae. Eiioeaio?aoeey e
oeaio?aeecaoeey I.e. aaaeoo e aicieeiiaaieth e ainiiaenoao iiiiiieee, e
n?aueaaieth n aaieianeei e ia?aciaaieth O.e. Aaieianeee e. -
niaieoiiinoue aeaiaaeiuo eaieoaeia(nianoaaiiuo e i?eaea/aiiuo), eioi?uie
iia?e?otho aaiee. Oei. ieeaa?oey - yoi iaiiiai/eneaiiay a?oiia
e?oiiaeoeo e iaeaieaa aiaaouo iiiiiieenoia, ieeoeaoai?yaoeo ainiiaenoai
oei. e. Ia?aciaaiea O.i. i?ienoiaeeo ia iniiaa n?aueaaiey i?ii. e
aaieianeeo iiiiiieee. Iniiaiua oi?iu aa ainiiaenoaa:
nenoaia o/anoey(Ae. iau.- iaoue n eiio?ieueiui iaeaoii aeoeee,
aei/a?iea, aio/aoua);
ee/iay oiey(nithc);
n?au eaaiea oeiainiaiai eaieoaea n ain. aiia?aoii ( nayce aeciana n
iieeoeeie); - ainiiaenoai iaae n?aaenoaaie ianniaie eioi?iaoeee.
79. YOaIu ?ACAEOEss YEIIIIE*ANEIE OAI?EE.
Y.o. eae iaoea (neoaiaoece?iaaiiia ciaiea i nouiinoe yeiiiieee) aicieeea
a 17-18 a., a ia?eiae noaiiaeaiey eaieoaeecia.
1.A naii i ia/a e a iiyaeeanue oai?aoe/aneay oeiea-i a ?e a io e eeci.
I ? aaenoaaeoaee yoie oeieu n/eoaee, /oi aiaaonoai e th aeae ninoaaey
th o aeai ue ae, ca eioi?ua iiaeii eoieoue ana. Yoi i?aaenoaaeaiea
niioaaonoaiaaei oiio a ? aiaie , eiaaea iaaeaeoia?iaeiay oi?aiaey
i?eiineea aieueoea aeioiaeu. Caeanue i?e?ino aiaaonoaa aue
naiii/aaeaeai, eai a oi a?aiy oiaa?u a iaeiie no?aia iieoiaeenue ii
aieaa ieceei oeaiai, a a ae?oaie i?iaeaaaeenue ii aieaa aunieei oeaiai.
Ia?e-ou n/eoaee caaea/ae y . o. - ?ac?aaaouaaoue ?aeiiaiaeaoeee ae ey
ain . iiee oeee , eioi?ay i ? ecaaia ? a noe?youe oi?aiaeth e
iaeaieeaaoue cieioi a no?aia. I?aaenoaaeoaee: Oiian Iai(aiae. eoiaoe,
i?aaeei - i?iaeaaaoue eiino?aioeai ia aieue o o th noiio, /a i
iieoiaoue o ieo. I iie?a o ueai o? . yeiiiieno aeae ii?aaeaeaiea y.o.
iacaaiea "iieeoe/aneay y. "- eae ain-ai aiaaoaao.
2 .Oai ?a o e/a neia o/aiea o eceie?aoi ia . Iieiaeeee ia/aei
eeanne/. iiieo , y. ?ino aiaaonoaa iauanoaa oec-ou naycuaaee oie
ueei n an oan oaaiiui ieiae i ?iaeeai caiee e iiyoiio ia n/eoaee
i?iiuoeaiiinoue io?aneue th , aaea nicaeaaony i?e?ino aeioiaeia.
(O?ainoa Eaiy). Iaeaieaa iniiaaoaeueiua ioaaou ia aii?inu ia?aciaaiey
e ?in oa aiaa ono aa ia oe ee aeaee i?aaenoaaeoaee eeane / . Oeieu
-aia. y eiiiienou: Oeeueyi Iaooe, Aaeai N ieo, Aeaaeae ? e ea?aei.-
iie onoaiiaeee, /oi aiaaonoai a na e ia oe ee aicieeaao a n o a? a
ia o a ?e aeueiia i i? i e cai ae noaa ai anao io?aneyo. ?ino aiaaonoaa
i?ienoiaeeo oiaaea, eiaaea ia?aiia/aeueii cao?a/aiiay ia i?iecaiaenoai
noiia noieiinoe(a aeaea aeaiaa, oiaa?ia) a i?ioeanna o?oaea ia?aueaaony
ia aeiiieieoaeueio th aaee/eio(i?eaaai/io th noieiinoue eee
i?eaueue). Yoi ioe?uoea iicaieeei y.o. noaoue iiaeeeiii e iaoeie. Ini
iaaa o ?o aeiao th oai?e th noieiinoe , eea n neee ia niiaee a
aeinoaoi/iie ia?a eco/eoue eaieoaeenoe/aneo th yeiiiieeo a naaoa yoie
oai?ee. Yoa caaea/a auiaea ia aeieth E. I a?ena (1818-8 3 ), eioi?ue
nicaeae oai?e th i?eaaai/iie noieiinoe. 3, A iineaaeiea aeanyoeeaoey
iaoaai aaea cia/eoaeueii iiauneeny iao/iue o?iaaiue ie?iaie ye. iaoee.
Ia/eiay n 1969 a O aaaeneay aeaaeaiey aaeaaiaeii i?enoaeaeaao
Iiaaeaaneea i?aiee ii ye. iaoeai.A ianoiyuaa a?aiy ian/eouaaaony 3
aeanyoea e ao ?aaoi a.
80.Nenoaia iaoeeiiaeueiuo n/aoia e aa iieacaoaee.
Nenoaia iaoeeiiaeueiuo n/aoia, eioi?ay i?eiyoa a ie?iaie i?aeoeea, e
ia?aoiae e eioi?ie inouanoaeyaony a yeiiiie/aneii aiaeeca e noaoenoeea
?innee, iicaieyao i?eiaiyoue noaoenoe/aneoth eioi?iaoeeth aeey
niiinoaaeaiey e ioeaiee iae?iyeiiiie/aneeo iieacaoaeae ninoiyiey no?aiu.
Nenoaia iaoeeiiaeueiuo n/aoia ooaa?aeaeaia III a1993a, (1-e aa?eaio-68-e
a.)
I?eioeeiu Nenoaiu iaoeeiiaeueiuo n/aoia:
1.Aaeiaue i?iaeoeo e iaoeeiiaeueiue aeioiae no?aiu i?iecaiaeeony eae a
noa?a iaoa?eaeueiiai i?iecaiaenoaa, oae e noa?a oneoa, o. a. a noa?o
i?iecaiaenoaa aeeth/aaony aeayoaeueiinoue: eiiiaiee e i?aaei?eyoee,
i?iecaiaeyueo oiaa?u e oneoae; /anoiuo iaei?ii?e?iaaiiuo i?aaei?eyoee;
iiaeniaiuo oicyenoa;
iaaiiie i?eneoae; aeaaeaeueoeaa aeeeuey, naeaaaaiiai a a?aiaeo.
2.A nicaeaiee noieiinoe oiaa?ia e oneoa ia?yaeo e ia?aaia n o?oaeii
i?eieiatho o/anoea caiey. eaieoae e i?aaei?eieiaoaeueneay
aeayoaeueiinoue, o. a. oaeoi?u i?iecaiaenoaa.
3. Nicaeaaaaiay i?eaueue, ?anniao?eaaaony ia eae ?acoeueoao oieueei
o?oaea, a eae ?acoeueoao niaieoiiiai eniieueciaaiey yoeo oaeoi?ia.
N 1988 a. ia/aoi aiaae?aiea a ?inneeneoth i?aeoeeo Nenoaiu
iaoeeiiaeueiuo n/aoia. Aaeiaue aioo?aiiee i?iaeoeo (AAI), eae iniiaiie
iieacaoaeue yeiiiie/aneiai ninoiyiey iauanoaa ( AII- aai iiaeeoeeaoeey )
i?aaenoaaeyao niaie aeiaaaeaiioth noieiinoue anao eiia/iuo i?iaeoeoia e
oneoa i?iecaaaeaiiuo a oa/aiea aiaea. I?iiaaeooi/iua i?iaeoeou (eo
iiaoi?iue n/ao) eneeth/athony i?e iiaen/aoa AAI (AII). AAI (AII) ii
io?aneyi ( ii i?iecaiaenoao ) en/eneyaony eae noiia aeiaaaeaiiie
noieiinoe anao io?aneae iaoeeiiaeueiie yeiiiieee, a oii /enea noa?u
oneoa. AAI (AII) ii ?anoiaeai ii?aaeaeyaony, eae noiia eiia/iuo
iio?aaeoaeueneeo ?anoiaeia ia oiaa?u e oneoae, ainoaea?noaaiiuo caeoiie
oiaa?ia e oneoa , aaeiaiai iaeiieaiey, naeueaei yenii?oa e eiii?oa.
AAI (AII) ii aeioiaeai ?ann/eouaaaony eae noiia ca?aaioiie ieaou iaaiiuo
?aaioieeia, i?eauee oe?i e ei?ii?aoeee, aeioiaeia iaei?ii?e?iaaiiuo
i?aaei?eyoee, aeioiaeia naiinoiyoaeueiuo ?aaioieeia, ?aioiuo ieaoaaeae,
i?ioeaioa e aeaoo ia naycaiiuo n aeioiaeaie ieaoaaeae: aii?oecaoeee e
einaaiiuo iaeiaia ia aecian. Ec AAI (AII) iiaeii iieo/eoue ae?oaea
aaaeiua iieacaoaee: /enoue iaoeeiiaeueiue i?iaeoeo (*II) e
iaoeeiiaeueiue aeioiae (IAe). AII - aii?oecaoeey = *II *II - einaaiiua
iaeiae = IAe AII - naeueaei ieaoaaeiiai aaeaina = AAI
Aii?inu eyecaiaio ii yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee
1. I?aaeiao yeiiiie/aneie oai?ee.
2. Nenoaia yeiiiie/aneeo ioiioaiee. I?aaiecaoeeiiii-yeiiiie/aneea e
nioeeaeueii-yeiiiie/aneea ioiioaiey.
3. Yeiiiie/aneea caeiiu, eo nenoaia e eniieueciaaiea.